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Daily Reading 5th February

Decentralisation and the Panchayati Raj System

The principle of decentralisation is a foundational cornerstone of a participatory and vibrant democracy. It involves the transfer of power and responsibility from central authorities to lower, local levels, bringing governance closer to the people. In India, the most significant manifestation of this principle is the Panchayati Raj System, which aims to build democracy at the grassroots level. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 was a landmark step that provided constitutional sanction to this system, transforming it from a mere policy directive into a mandatory part of the state structure.

This amendment mandated a three-tier system of panchayats at the village, intermediate, and district levels, creating a framework for the devolution of power. Its provisions aimed at social empowerment through reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and a minimum of one-third of seats for women. It also provided for the creation of State Finance Commissions to recommend the distribution of financial resources, and State Election Commissions to conduct free and fair elections, giving these bodies a statutory backing.

Despite these provisions, the journey of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) has been fraught with impediments. A key challenge is the lack of genuine fiscal autonomy. Many state governments are reluctant to devolve adequate funds, functions, and functionaries, rendering PRIs financially weak and often subservient to state-level bureaucracy. The pervasive influence of local elites and political interference also hampers their effective functioning and undermines their intended efficacy.

To truly realize the vision of grassroots democracy, it is essential to ameliorate these issues. Building a political consensus for deeper devolution of financial powers is a crucial prerequisite. Strengthening the capacity of elected representatives through training and awareness is also vital. A robust system of accountability and transparency needs to be institutionalized to ensure that decentralisation leads to better governance and not just a shift in the locus of corruption. Only through these concerted efforts can the Panchayati Raj system fulfill its promise.

विकेंद्रीकरण और पंचायती राज प्रणाली

विकेंद्रीकरण (decentralisation) का सिद्धांत एक सहभागी और जीवंत (vibrant) लोकतंत्र की एक मौलिक आधारशिला (cornerstone) है। इसमें केंद्रीय प्राधिकरणों से शक्ति और जिम्मेदारी को निचले, स्थानीय स्तरों पर स्थानांतरित करना शामिल है, जिससे शासन लोगों के करीब आता है। भारत में, इस सिद्धांत की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण अभिव्यक्ति पंचायती राज प्रणाली है, जिसका उद्देश्य जमीनी स्तर (grassroots) पर लोकतंत्र का निर्माण करना है। 1992 का 73वां संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम एक ऐतिहासिक कदम था जिसने इस प्रणाली को संवैधानिक मंजूरी प्रदान की, इसे केवल एक नीति निर्देश से राज्य संरचना का एक अनिवार्य हिस्सा बना दिया।

इस संशोधन ने गांव, मध्यवर्ती और जिला स्तरों पर पंचायतों की एक त्रि-स्तरीय प्रणाली को अनिवार्य किया, जिससे शक्ति के हस्तांतरण (devolution) के लिए एक रूपरेखा तैयार हुई। इसके प्रावधानों का उद्देश्य अनुसूचित जातियों, अनुसूचित जनजातियों और महिलाओं के लिए न्यूनतम एक-तिहाई सीटों के आरक्षण के माध्यम से सामाजिक सशक्तिकरण (empowerment) था। इसने वित्तीय संसाधनों के वितरण की सिफारिश करने के लिए राज्य वित्त आयोगों, और स्वतंत्र और निष्पक्ष चुनाव कराने के लिए राज्य चुनाव आयोगों के निर्माण का भी प्रावधान किया, जिससे इन निकायों को एक वैधानिक (statutory) समर्थन मिला।

इन प्रावधानों के बावजूद, पंचायती राज संस्थाओं (PRIs) की यात्रा बाधाओं (impediments) से भरी रही है। एक प्रमुख चुनौती वास्तविक वित्तीय (fiscal) स्वायत्तता की कमी है। कई राज्य सरकारें पर्याप्त धन, कार्य और कार्यकर्ताओं को सौंपने में अनिच्छुक हैं, जिससे PRIs वित्तीय रूप से कमजोर और अक्सर राज्य-स्तरीय नौकरशाही के अधीन (subservient) हो जाती हैं। स्थानीय अभिजात वर्ग और राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप का व्यापक (pervasive) प्रभाव भी उनके प्रभावी कामकाज में बाधा डालता है और उनकी इच्छित प्रभावकारिता (efficacy) को कमजोर करता है।

जमीनी स्तर पर लोकतंत्र की दृष्टि को वास्तव में साकार करने के लिए, इन मुद्दों को सुधारना (ameliorate) आवश्यक है। वित्तीय शक्तियों के गहरे हस्तांतरण के लिए एक राजनीतिक आम सहमति (consensus) बनाना एक महत्वपूर्ण पूर्वापेक्षा है। प्रशिक्षण और जागरूकता के माध्यम से निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधियों की क्षमता को मजबूत करना भी महत्वपूर्ण है। यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए जवाबदेही और पारदर्शिता की एक मजबूत (robust) प्रणाली को संस्थागत बनाने की आवश्यकता है कि विकेंद्रीकरण बेहतर शासन की ओर ले जाए, न कि केवल भ्रष्टाचार के केंद्र में बदलाव की ओर। केवल इन ठोस प्रयासों के माध्यम से ही पंचायती राज प्रणाली अपने वादे को पूरा कर सकती है।

বিকেন্দ্ৰীকৰণ আৰু পঞ্চায়তী ৰাজ ব্যৱস্থা

বিকেন্দ্ৰীকৰণ (decentralisation)-ৰ নীতিটো এক অংশগ্ৰহণমূলক আৰু জীৱন্ত (vibrant) গণতন্ত্ৰৰ এক মৌলিক আধাৰশিলা (cornerstone)। ই কেন্দ্ৰীয় কৰ্তৃপক্ষৰ পৰা ক্ষমতা আৰু দায়িত্ব নিম্ন, স্থানীয় পৰ্যায়লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাটো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত শাসন জনসাধাৰণৰ ওচৰ চাপে। ভাৰতত, এই নীতিৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰকাশ হ'ল পঞ্চায়তী ৰাজ ব্যৱস্থা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য তৃণমূল (grassroots) পৰ্যায়ত গণতন্ত্ৰ গঢ়ি তোলা। ১৯৯২ চনৰ ৭৩ সংখ্যক সংবিধান সংশোধনী আইন এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ আছিল যিয়ে এই ব্যৱস্থাক সাংবিধানিক স্বীকৃতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, ইয়াক কেৱল এক নীতি নিৰ্দেশনাৰ পৰা ৰাজ্যৰ গাঁথনিৰ এক বাধ্যতামূলক অংশলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল।

এই সংশোধনীয়ে গাঁও, মধ্যৱৰ্তী আৰু জিলা পৰ্যায়ত পঞ্চায়তৰ এক ত্ৰি-স্তৰীয় ব্যৱস্থা বাধ্যতামূলক কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত ক্ষমতাৰ হস্তান্তৰ (devolution)-ৰ বাবে এক কাঠামো সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থাসমূহে অনুসূচীত জাতি, অনুসূচীত জনজাতি আৰু মহিলাৰ বাবে न्यूनतम এক-তৃতীয়াংশ আসন সংৰক্ষণৰ জৰিয়তে সামাজিক সশক্তিকৰণ (empowerment)-ৰ লক্ষ্য ৰাখিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও, বিত্তীয় সম্পদৰ বিতৰণৰ বাবে পৰামৰ্শ দিবলৈ ৰাজ্যিক বিত্ত আয়োগ আৰু মুক্ত আৰু নিকা নিৰ্বাচন অনুষ্ঠিত কৰিবলৈ ৰাজ্যিক নিৰ্বাচন আয়োগ গঠনৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত এই সংস্থাসমূহে বৈধানিক (statutory) ভিত্তি লাভ কৰিছিল।

এই ব্যৱস্থাসমূহ থকা সত্ত্বেও, পঞ্চায়তী ৰাজ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান (PRIs)ৰ যাত্ৰা বাধাসমূহ (impediments)-ৰে পৰিপূৰ্ণ। এক মুখ্য প্ৰত্যাহ্বান হ'ল প্ৰকৃত বিত্তীয় (fiscal) স্বায়ত্তশাসনৰ অভাৱ। বহুতো ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰে পৰ্যাপ্ত পুঁজি, কাৰ্য আৰু কৰ্মচাৰী হস্তান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ অনিচ্ছুক, যাৰ ফলত PRIs বিত্তীয়ভাৱে দুৰ্বল আৰু প্ৰায়ে ৰাজ্যিক পৰ্যায়ৰ আমোলাতন্ত্ৰৰ অধীন (subservient) হৈ পৰে। স্থানীয় অভিজাত শ্ৰেণী আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক হস্তক্ষেপৰ ব্যাপক (pervasive) প্ৰভাৱেও তেওঁলোকৰ কাৰ্যকৰী কাৰ্যকলাপত বাধা দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত কাৰ্যকাৰিতা (efficacy)-ক দুৰ্বল কৰে।

তৃণমূল গণতন্ত্ৰৰ দৃষ্টিভংগীক সঁচাকৈয়ে বাস্তৱায়িত কৰিবলৈ, এই সমস্যাসমূহ উন্নত কৰা (ameliorate)-টো অপৰিহাৰ্য। বিত্তীয় ক্ষমতাৰ গভীৰ হস্তান্তৰৰ বাবে এক ৰাজনৈতিক ঐক্যমত (consensus) গঢ়ি তোলাটো এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পূৰ্বচৰ্ত। প্ৰশিক্ষণ আৰু সজাগতাৰ জৰিয়তে নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰতিনিধিসকলৰ ক্ষমতা শক্তিশালী কৰাটোও গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বিকেন্দ্ৰীকৰণে যাতে দুৰ্নীতিৰ স্থান পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে উন্নত শাসনৰ দিশে লৈ যায়, সেইটো নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ জবাবদিহিতা আৰু স্বচ্ছতাৰ এক শক্তিশালী (robust) ব্যৱস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিব লাগিব। কেৱল এই একত্ৰিত প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ জৰিয়তেহে পঞ্চায়তী ৰাজ ব্যৱস্থাই নিজৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি পূৰণ কৰিব পাৰিব।

DECENTRALISATION


Meaning in English — The transfer of control of an activity or organization to several local offices or authorities rather than one single one.

Meaning in Hindi — विकेंद्रीकरण

Meaning in Assamese — বিকেন্দ্ৰীকৰণ

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Decentralize (Verb), Decentralized (Adjective)

Synonyms — Devolution, Distribution, Delegation, Dispersal, Spreading.

Antonyms — Centralization, Concentration, Consolidation, Unification, Integration.

Usage in a sentence — The government's policy of decentralisation aims to empower local communities.

CORNERSTONE


Meaning in English — An important quality or feature on which a particular thing depends or is based.

Meaning in Hindi — आधारशिला; मूल सिद्धांत

Meaning in Assamese — আধাৰশিলা; মূল ভিত্তি

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Cornerstones (Plural)

Synonyms — Foundation, Bedrock, Basis, Keystone, Linchpin.

Antonyms — Accessory, Trifle, Nonessential, Side issue, Frill.

Usage in a sentence — Free and fair elections are the cornerstone of any democracy.

VIBRANT


Meaning in English — Full of energy and life.

Meaning in Hindi — जीवंत; ऊर्जावान

Meaning in Assamese — জীৱন্ত; উজ্জ্বল

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Vibrancy (Noun), Vibrantly (Adverb)

Synonyms — Spirited, Lively, Energetic, Dynamic, Animated.

Antonyms — Dull, Lifeless, Apathetic, Listless, Drab.

Usage in a sentence — A vibrant civil society is essential for holding the government accountable.

GRASSROOTS


Meaning in English — The most basic level of an activity or organization.

Meaning in Hindi — जमीनी स्तर; मूल स्तर

Meaning in Assamese — তৃণমূল; মূল পৰ্যায়

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Grassroots (Adjective)

Synonyms — Basic level, Rank and file, Local level, Foundation, Base.

Antonyms — Elite, Leadership, Top-level, Apex, Summit.

Usage in a sentence — The political movement gained its strength from grassroots support.

DEVOLUTION


Meaning in English — The transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration.

Meaning in Hindi — हस्तांतरण; शक्ति का अंतरण

Meaning in Assamese — ক্ষমতাৰ হস্তান্তৰ

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Devolve (Verb)

Synonyms — Decentralization, Delegation, Transfer, Granting, Ceding.

Antonyms — Centralization, Concentration, Consolidation, Retention, Seizure.

Usage in a sentence — The devolution of financial powers to local bodies is a key reform.

EMPOWERMENT


Meaning in English — The process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one's life and claiming one's rights.

Meaning in Hindi — सशक्तिकरण; अधिकार देना

Meaning in Assamese — সশক্তিকৰণ; ক্ষমতা প্ৰদান

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Empower (Verb)

Synonyms — Authorization, Enablement, Entitlement, Sanctioning, Permitting.

Antonyms — Disempowerment, Subjugation, Oppression, Disenfranchisement, Suppression.

Usage in a sentence — Education is a key tool for the empowerment of women.

STATUTORY


Meaning in English — Required, permitted, or enacted by statute (a written law passed by a legislative body).

Meaning in Hindi — वैधानिक; कानूनी

Meaning in Assamese — বৈধানিক; আইনগত

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Statute (Noun)

Synonyms — Legal, Lawful, Official, Enacted, Mandated.

Antonyms — Unofficial, Non-legal, Unlawful, Voluntary, Discretionary.

Usage in a sentence — The company has a statutory duty to provide a safe working environment.

IMPEDIMENTS


Meaning in English — Obstructions or hindrances that delay or prevent progress or achievement.

Meaning in Hindi — बाधाएँ; अवरोध

Meaning in Assamese — বাধা; প্ৰতিবন্ধকতা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Impede (Verb), Impediment (Singular)

Synonyms — Obstacles, Barriers, Hurdles, Obstructions, Hindrances.

Antonyms — Aids, Advantages, Catalysts, Benefits, Assistance.

Usage in a sentence — Lack of funding is one of the biggest impediments to progress.

FISCAL


Meaning in English — Relating to government revenue, especially taxes.

Meaning in Hindi — वित्तीय; राजकोषीय

Meaning in Assamese — বিত্তীয়; ৰাজকোষীয়

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Fiscally (Adverb)

Synonyms — Financial, Monetary, Economic, Budgetary, Revenue.

Antonyms — Non-financial, Personal, Private.

Usage in a sentence — The government announced new fiscal policies to control inflation.

SUBSERVIENT


Meaning in English — Prepared to obey others unquestioningly; less important; subordinate.

Meaning in Hindi — अधीनस्थ; चापलूस

Meaning in Assamese — অধীন; আজ্ঞাধীন

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Subservience (Noun)

Synonyms — Subordinate, Servile, Obsequious, Submissive, Deferential.

Antonyms — Domineering, Independent, Superior, Assertive, Controlling.

Usage in a sentence — He expected his employees to be completely subservient to his commands.

PERVASIVE


Meaning in English — Spreading widely throughout an area or a group of people.

Meaning in Hindi — व्यापक; सर्वव्यापी

Meaning in Assamese — ব্যাপক; সৰ্বব্যাপী

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Pervade (Verb), Pervasiveness (Noun)

Synonyms — Prevalent, Widespread, Ubiquitous, Omnipresent, Rife.

Antonyms — Rare, Scarce, Limited, Uncommon, Infrequent.

Usage in a sentence — The influence of social media has become pervasive in modern society.

EFFICACY


Meaning in English — The ability to produce a desired or intended result.

Meaning in Hindi — प्रभावकारिता; क्षमता

Meaning in Assamese — কাৰ্যকাৰিতা; ফলপ্ৰসূতা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Efficacious (Adjective)

Synonyms — Effectiveness, Success, Potency, Power, Virtue.

Antonyms — Inefficacy, Ineffectiveness, Uselessness, Inefficiency, Futility.

Usage in a sentence — Doubts have been raised about the efficacy of the new policy.

AMELIORATE


Meaning in English — To make something bad or unsatisfactory better.

Meaning in Hindi — सुधारना; बेहतर बनाना

Meaning in Assamese — উন্নত কৰা; ভাল কৰা

This Word is an English grammar: Verb

Forms — Amelioration (Noun)

Synonyms — Improve, Enhance, Better, Upgrade, Alleviate.

Antonyms — Worsen, Exacerbate, Aggravate, Impair, Harm.

Usage in a sentence — The government is trying to ameliorate the effects of the economic crisis.

CONSENSUS


Meaning in English — A general agreement among a group of people.

Meaning in Hindi — आम सहमति; मतैक्य

Meaning in Assamese — ঐক্যমত; সৰ্বসন্মতি

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — N/A

Synonyms — Agreement, Harmony, Accord, Unanimity, Concord.

Antonyms — Disagreement, Conflict, Dissent, Dispute, Opposition.

Usage in a sentence — After a long debate, the committee finally reached a consensus.

ROBUST


Meaning in English — Strong and healthy; vigorous; sturdy in construction.

Meaning in Hindi — मजबूत; शक्तिशाली

Meaning in Assamese — শক্তিশালী; মজবুত

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Robustly (Adverb), Robustness (Noun)

Synonyms — Strong, Sturdy, Tough, Powerful, Resilient.

Antonyms — Weak, Fragile, Feeble, Delicate, Flimsy.

Usage in a sentence — A robust economy is necessary for national development.

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