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Daily Reading 23rd February

Role of the President during a Hung Parliament

The role of the President of India becomes a subject of intense public and political scrutiny during a 'hung parliament'—a situation where no single political party or pre-poll alliance secures an absolute majority after a general election. This scenario presents a formidable challenge to the stability of governance and places a heavy burden on the President's office. In such a situation, the President's discretionary powers come to the forefront, making their role both pivotal and contentious. The Constitution does not provide a clear, codified procedure, leaving a degree of ambiguity that is filled by constitutional convention and historical precedent.

The quintessential task for the President is to appoint a Prime Minister who can command a majority in the Lok Sabha. The President’s primary prerogative is to invite the leader of the party or alliance most likely to secure a vote of confidence. Traditionally, the single largest party is invited first. If they fail, the President may invite the leader of a post-poll coalition. This decision-making process must be, and must be seen to be, guided by absolute impartiality. Any perception of acting in a partisan manner can lead to serious allegations and undermine the credibility of this venerable office.

Over the years, various commissions, like the Sarkaria Commission, have recommended a robust order of preference to guide the President's decision: first, the pre-poll alliance with the largest number of seats; second, the single largest party; and third, the post-poll coalition. These guidelines aim to curtail the scope for arbitrary action. The President must make a judicious assessment of the claims made by different political formations to ensure a stable government is formed. The ultimate goal is to avoid the subversion of the electoral mandate and ensure the continuity of governance.

In conclusion, the President's role in a hung parliament is a critical test of constitutional statesmanship. It requires a delicate balancing act between following established conventions and making a pragmatic assessment of a fluid political situation. The absence of a clear political consensus on this issue means that the President's actions will always be subject to intense debate, making it imperative for the office to act with the utmost wisdom and fairness to uphold the democratic spirit.

त्रिशंकु संसद के दौरान राष्ट्रपति की भूमिका

'त्रिशंकु संसद' के दौरान भारत के राष्ट्रपति की भूमिका गहन सार्वजनिक और राजनीतिक जांच (scrutiny) का विषय बन जाती है—यह एक ऐसी स्थिति है जहाँ किसी भी एक राजनीतिक दल या चुनाव-पूर्व गठबंधन को आम चुनाव के बाद पूर्ण बहुमत नहीं मिलता है। यह परिदृश्य शासन की स्थिरता के लिए एक बड़ी (formidable) चुनौती प्रस्तुत करता है और राष्ट्रपति के कार्यालय पर भारी बोझ डालता है। ऐसी स्थिति में, राष्ट्रपति की विवेकाधीन (discretionary) शक्तियाँ सबसे आगे आ जाती हैं, जिससे उनकी भूमिका महत्वपूर्ण और विवादास्पद (contentious) दोनों हो जाती है। संविधान एक स्पष्ट, संहिताबद्ध प्रक्रिया प्रदान नहीं करता है, जिससे एक प्रकार की अस्पष्टता (ambiguity) रह जाती है जिसे संवैधानिक परंपरा (convention) और ऐतिहासिक मिसाल (precedent) द्वारा भरा जाता है।

राष्ट्रपति के लिए सर्वोत्कृष्ट (quintessential) कार्य एक ऐसे प्रधानमंत्री की नियुक्ति करना है जो लोकसभा में बहुमत प्राप्त कर सके। राष्ट्रपति का प्राथमिक विशेषाधिकार (prerogative) उस पार्टी या गठबंधन के नेता को आमंत्रित करना है जिसके विश्वास मत हासिल करने की सबसे अधिक संभावना है। परंपरागत रूप से, सबसे बड़ी एकल पार्टी को पहले आमंत्रित किया जाता है। यदि वे विफल रहते हैं, तो राष्ट्रपति चुनाव के बाद के गठबंधन के नेता को आमंत्रित कर सकते हैं। यह निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया पूर्ण निष्पक्षता (impartiality) द्वारा निर्देशित होनी चाहिए, और ऐसा दिखना भी चाहिए। पक्षपातपूर्ण (partisan) तरीके से कार्य करने की कोई भी धारणा गंभीर आरोपों (allegations) को जन्म दे सकती है और इस सम्मानित (venerable) कार्यालय की विश्वसनीयता (credibility) को कमजोर कर सकती है।

इन वर्षों में, सरकारिया आयोग जैसे विभिन्न आयोगों ने राष्ट्रपति के निर्णय का मार्गदर्शन करने के लिए वरीयता का एक मजबूत (robust) क्रम सुझाया है: पहला, सबसे अधिक सीटों वाला चुनाव-पूर्व गठबंधन; दूसरा, सबसे बड़ी एकल पार्टी; और तीसरा, चुनाव के बाद का गठबंधन। इन दिशानिर्देशों का उद्देश्य मनमानी कार्रवाई के दायरे को कम करना (curtail) है। राष्ट्रपति को एक स्थिर सरकार का गठन सुनिश्चित करने के लिए विभिन्न राजनीतिक संरचनाओं द्वारा किए गए दावों का विवेकपूर्ण (judicious) मूल्यांकन करना चाहिए। अंतिम लक्ष्य चुनावी जनादेश के विध्वंस (subversion) से बचना और शासन की निरंतरता सुनिश्चित करना है।

निष्कर्ष में, त्रिशंकु संसद में राष्ट्रपति की भूमिका संवैधानिक राजनेता के कौशल की एक महत्वपूर्ण परीक्षा है। इसके लिए स्थापित परंपराओं का पालन करने और एक तरल राजनीतिक स्थिति का व्यावहारिक मूल्यांकन करने के बीच एक नाजुक संतुलन की आवश्यकता होती है। इस मुद्दे पर एक स्पष्ट राजनीतिक आम सहमति (consensus) की अनुपस्थिति का मतलब है कि राष्ट्रपति की कार्रवाइयां हमेशा गहन बहस का विषय रहेंगी, जिससे कार्यालय के लिए लोकतांत्रिक भावना को बनाए रखने के लिए अत्यधिक ज्ञान और निष्पक्षता के साथ कार्य करना अनिवार्य हो जाता है।

ত্ৰিশঙ্কু সংসদৰ সময়ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ ভূমিকা

'ত্ৰিশঙ্কু সংসদ'ৰ সময়ত ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ ভূমিকা গভীৰ ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক পৰীক্ষা (scrutiny)-ৰ বিষয় হৈ পৰে—এইটো এনে এক পৰিস্থিতি য'ত কোনো এটা ৰাজনৈতিক দল বা নিৰ্বাচন-পূৰ্ব মিত্ৰজোঁটে সাধাৰণ নিৰ্বাচনৰ পিছত একক সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতা লাভ নকৰে। এই পৰিস্থিতিয়ে শাসনৰ স্থিৰতাৰ বাবে এক ভয়ংকৰ (formidable) প্ৰত্যাহ্বানৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ কাৰ্যালয়ৰ ওপৰত এক গধুৰ বোজা জাপি দিয়ে। এনে পৰিস্থিতিত, ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ বিবেচনামূলক (discretionary) ক্ষমতা সন্মুখলৈ আহে, যিয়ে তেওঁৰ ভূমিকাক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আৰু বিতর্কিত (contentious) দুয়োটাই কৰি তোলে। সংবিধানে কোনো স্পষ্ট, সংহিতাভুক্ত প্ৰক্ৰিয়া প্ৰদান নকৰে, যাৰ ফলত একধৰণৰ অস্পষ্টতা (ambiguity) ৰৈ যায় যাক সাংবিধানিক পৰম্পৰা (convention) আৰু ঐতিহাসিক নজিৰ (precedent)-ৰ দ্বাৰা পূৰণ কৰা হয়।

ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ বাবে উৎকৃষ্ট (quintessential) কামটো হ'ল এনে এজন প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী নিযুক্তি দিয়া যিয়ে লোকসভাত সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে। ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ প্ৰাথমিক বিশেষাধিকাৰ (prerogative) হ'ল সেই দল বা মিত্ৰজোঁটৰ নেতাক আমন্ত্ৰণ জনোৱা যাৰ বিশ্বাস ভোট লাভ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আটাইতকৈ বেছি। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে, আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ একক দলক প্ৰথমে আমন্ত্ৰণ জনোৱা হয়। যদি তেওঁলোক విఫল হয়, তেন্তে ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয়ে নিৰ্বাচন-পৰৱৰ্তী মিত্ৰজোঁটৰ নেতাক আমন্ত্ৰণ জনাব পাৰে। এই সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো সম্পূৰ্ণ নিৰপেক্ষতা (impartiality)-ৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হ'ব লাগিব, আৰু তেনে দেখা যাবও লাগিব। পক্ষপাতমূলক (partisan)ভাৱে কাম কৰাৰ যিকোনো ধাৰণাই গুৰুতৰ অভিযোগ (allegations)-ৰ জন্ম দিব পাৰে আৰু এই সন্মানীয় (venerable) কাৰ্যালয়ৰ বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা (credibility)-ক দুৰ্বল কৰিব পাৰে।

বছৰ বছৰ ধৰি, চৰকাৰীয়া আয়োগৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন আয়োগে ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ সিদ্ধান্তক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ এক শক্তিশালী (robust) অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ ক্ৰমৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিছে: প্ৰথমে, সৰ্বাধিক আসন লাভ কৰা নিৰ্বাচন-পূৰ্ব মিত্ৰজোঁট; দ্বিতীয়তে, আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ একক দল; আৰু তৃতীয়তে, নিৰ্বাচন-পৰৱৰ্তী মিত্ৰজোঁট। এই নিৰ্দেশনাসমূহৰ উদ্দেশ্য হ'ল স্বেচ্ছাচাৰী কাৰ্যৰ পৰিসৰ কম কৰা (curtail)। এখন স্থায়ী চৰকাৰ গঠন নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিয়ে বিভিন্ন ৰাজনৈতিক গোটৰ দ্বাৰা কৰা দাবীসমূহৰ এক বিবেচনাপূৰ্ণ (judicious) মূল্যায়ন কৰিব লাগিব। চূড়ান্ত লক্ষ্য হ'ল নিৰ্বাচনী আদেশৰ বিঘটন (subversion) ৰোধ কৰা আৰু শাসনৰ নিৰন্তৰতা নিশ্চিত কৰা।

শেষত, ত্ৰিশঙ্কু সংসদত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ ভূমিকা সাংবিধানিক ৰাজনীতিৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰীক্ষা। ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰণ কৰা আৰু এক তৰল ৰাজনৈতিক পৰিস্থিতিৰ বাস্তৱসন্মত মূল্যায়ন কৰাৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম ভাৰসাম্যৰ প্ৰয়োজন। এই বিষয়ত এক স্পষ্ট ৰাজনৈতিক ঐক্যমত (consensus)-ৰ অভাৱৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল যে ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ সদায় গভীৰ বিতর্কৰ বিষয় হৈ থাকিব, যাৰ বাবে এই কাৰ্যালয়ে গণতান্ত্ৰিক আত্মা বজাই ৰাখিবলৈ অত্যন্ত জ্ঞান আৰু নিকাভাৱে কাম কৰাটো অপৰিহাৰ্য।

QUINTESSENTIAL

Meaning in English — Representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or class.

Meaning in Hindi — सर्वोत्कृष्ट; आदर्श

Meaning in Assamese — উৎকৃষ্ট; আদৰ্শ

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Quintessence (Noun)

Synonyms — Typical, Archetypal, Classic, Ideal, Exemplary.

Antonyms — Atypical, Unusual, Abnormal, Unrepresentative, Deviant.

Usage in a sentence — Appointing a stable Prime Minister is the quintessential task of the President in a hung parliament.

SCRUTINY

Meaning in English — Critical observation or examination.

Meaning in Hindi — जांच; छानबीन

Meaning in Assamese — পৰীক্ষা; সূক্ষ্ম বিশ্লেষণ

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Scrutinize (Verb)

Synonyms — Examination, Inspection, Investigation, Analysis, Review.

Antonyms — Glance, Glimpse, Cursory look, Skim, Oversight.

Usage in a sentence — The President's actions come under intense public scrutiny.

FORMIDABLE

Meaning in English — Inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable.

Meaning in Hindi — भयंकर; दुर्जेय

Meaning in Assamese — ভয়ংকৰ; দুৰ্জেয়

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Formidably (Adverb)

Synonyms — Intimidating, Daunting, Redoubtable, Terrifying, Awesome.

Antonyms — Easy, Trivial, Comforting, Pleasant, Weak.

Usage in a sentence — Forming a stable government is a formidable challenge.

DISCRETIONARY

Meaning in English — Available for use at the discretion of the user; not bound by specific rules.

Meaning in Hindi — विवेकाधीन; स्वविवेक पर निर्भर

Meaning in Assamese — বিবেচনামূলক; স্ব-বিচাৰাধীন

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Discretion (Noun)

Synonyms — Optional, Voluntary, At one's discretion, Non-obligatory, Unrestricted.

Antonyms — Mandatory, Compulsory, Obligatory, Required, Forced.

Usage in a sentence — The President has certain discretionary powers in this situation.

CONTENTIOUS

Meaning in English — Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.

Meaning in Hindi — विवादास्पद

Meaning in Assamese — বিতর্কিত; বিবাদপূর্ণ

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Contention (Noun)

Synonyms — Controversial, Debatable, Disputable, Disputed, Argumentative.

Antonyms — Uncontroversial, Agreeable, Harmonious, Peaceful, Certain.

Usage in a sentence — The appointment of the new Chief Minister became a contentious issue.

AMBIGUITY

Meaning in English — The quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness.

Meaning in Hindi — अस्पष्टता; अनेकार्थता

Meaning in Assamese — অস্পষ্টতা; দ্ব্যৰ্থকতা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Ambiguous (Adjective)

Synonyms — Vagueness, Obscurity, Uncertainty, Equivocation, Indefiniteness.

Antonyms — Clarity, Certainty, Precision, Explicitness, Lucidity.

Usage in a sentence — The legal ambiguity allows for different interpretations.

CONVENTION

Meaning in English — A way in which something is usually done; a custom or established practice.

Meaning in Hindi — परंपरा; प्रथा

Meaning in Assamese — পৰম্পৰা; প্ৰথা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Conventional (Adjective)

Synonyms — Custom, Tradition, Practice, Protocol, Norm.

Antonyms — Innovation, Novelty, Departure, Unorthodoxy, Anomaly.

Usage in a sentence — It is a constitutional convention to invite the leader of the largest party first.

PRECEDENT

Meaning in English — An earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances.

Meaning in Hindi — मिसाल; पूर्व उदाहरण

Meaning in Assamese — নজিৰ; পূৰ্বৰ উদাহৰণ

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Precede (Verb), Unprecedented (Adjective)

Synonyms — Example, Model, Exemplar, Standard, Guideline.

Antonyms — N/A (conceptually opposite would be 'without precedent')

Usage in a sentence — The court's decision set a new precedent for similar cases.

PREROGATIVE

Meaning in English — A right or privilege exclusive to a particular individual or class.

Meaning in Hindi — विशेषाधिकार

Meaning in Assamese — বিশেষাধিকাৰ

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — N/A

Synonyms — Right, Privilege, Entitlement, Advantage, Due.

Antonyms — Duty, Obligation, Restriction, Disadvantage, Prohibition.

Usage in a sentence — It is the manager's prerogative to choose the team members.

IMPARTIALITY

Meaning in English — The quality of not supporting any of the sides involved in an argument; unbiasedness.

Meaning in Hindi — निष्पक्षता

Meaning in Assamese — নিৰপেক্ষতা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Impartial (Adjective)

Synonyms — Fairness, Neutrality, Objectivity, Equity, Disinterestedness.

Antonyms — Bias, Prejudice, Partiality, Favoritism, Partisanship.

Usage in a sentence — The judge was praised for her impartiality throughout the trial.

PARTISAN

Meaning in English — A strong supporter of a party, cause, or person; prejudiced in favor of a particular cause.

Meaning in Hindi — पक्षपातपूर्ण; समर्थक

Meaning in Assamese — পক্ষপাতমূলক; সমৰ্থক

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective / Noun

Forms — Partisanship (Noun)

Synonyms — Biased, Prejudiced, One-sided, Factional, Sectarian.

Antonyms — Impartial, Unbiased, Neutral, Objective, Nonpartisan.

Usage in a sentence — The President must avoid any action that appears partisan.

ALLEGATIONS

Meaning in English — Claims or assertions that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically made without proof.

Meaning in Hindi — आरोप; अभियोग

Meaning in Assamese — অভিযোগ; দোষাৰোপ

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Allege (Verb), Allegation (Singular)

Synonyms — Accusations, Claims, Charges, Assertions, Imputations.

Antonyms — Denials, Exonerations, Vindications, Proofs, Facts.

Usage in a sentence — He has denied all the allegations against him.

CREDIBILITY

Meaning in English — The quality of being trusted and believed in.

Meaning in Hindi — विश्वसनीयता; साख

Meaning in Assamese — বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা; আস্থা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Credible (Adjective)

Synonyms — Trustworthiness, Reliability, Believability, Dependability, Integrity.

Antonyms — Unreliability, Untrustworthiness, Implausibility, Discredit, Doubtfulness.

Usage in a sentence — The scandal damaged the credibility of the entire government.

VENERABLE

Meaning in English — Accorded a great deal of respect, especially because of age, wisdom, or character.

Meaning in Hindi — सम्मानित; पूजनीय

Meaning in Assamese — সন্মানীয়; পূজনীয়

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Venerate (Verb), Veneration (Noun)

Synonyms — Respected, Esteemed, Revered, Honored, August.

Antonyms — Disreputable, Despised, Dishonorable, Scorned, Unworthy.

Usage in a sentence — The Supreme Court is a venerable institution.

ROBUST

Meaning in English — Strong and healthy; vigorous; sturdy in construction.

Meaning in Hindi — मजबूत; शक्तिशाली

Meaning in Assamese — শক্তিশালী; মজবুত

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Robustly (Adverb), Robustness (Noun)

Synonyms — Strong, Sturdy, Tough, Powerful, Resilient.

Antonyms — Weak, Fragile, Feeble, Delicate, Flimsy.

Usage in a sentence — A robust set of guidelines is needed to avoid controversy.

CURTAIL

Meaning in English — To reduce in extent or quantity; impose a restriction on.

Meaning in Hindi — कम करना; कटौती करना

Meaning in Assamese — কম কৰা; হ্ৰাস কৰা

This Word is an English grammar: Verb

Forms — Curtailment (Noun)

Synonyms — Reduce, Cut, Decrease, Shorten, Diminish.

Antonyms — Extend, Increase, Expand, Lengthen, Augment.

Usage in a sentence — The guidelines aim to curtail the President's discretionary power.

JUDICIOUS

Meaning in English — Having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense.

Meaning in Hindi — विवेकपूर्ण; बुद्धिमानीपूर्ण

Meaning in Assamese — বিবেচনাপূৰ্ণ; জ্ঞানী

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Judiciously (Adverb)

Synonyms — Wise, Prudent, Sensible, Shrewd, Astute.

Antonyms — Foolish, Reckless, Imprudent, Rash, Unwise.

Usage in a sentence — A judicious assessment of the situation is required from the President.

SUBVERSION

Meaning in English — The undermining of the power and authority of an established system or institution.

Meaning in Hindi — विध्वंस; तख्तापलट

Meaning in Assamese — বিঘটন; ওলোটা-পালন

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Subvert (Verb), Subversive (Adjective)

Synonyms — Undermining, Sabotage, Disruption, Overthrow, Destabilization.

Antonyms — Strengthening, Fortification, Support, Upholding, Reinforcement.

Usage in a sentence — The plot was seen as an act of subversion against the state.

CONSENSUS

Meaning in English — A general agreement among a group of people.

Meaning in Hindi — आम सहमति; मतैक्य

Meaning in Assamese — ঐক্যমত; সৰ্বসন্মতি

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — N/A

Synonyms — Agreement, Harmony, Accord, Unanimity, Concord.

Antonyms — Disagreement, Conflict, Dissent, Dispute, Opposition.

Usage in a sentence — Building a political consensus on the issue is very difficult.

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