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Daily Reading 7th February

Smart Cities Mission: Governance Issues

The Smart Cities Mission (SCM) is one of the most ambitious urban renewal programs launched by the Government of India. It represents a significant paradigm shift in urban development, aiming to create cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to their citizens. The mission envisaged the development of 100 cities through the application of 'smart solutions' for a sustainable and inclusive environment. Central to the implementation of the SCM is a unique governance structure: the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV).

SPVs were created as limited companies under the Companies Act, 2013, with operational and financial autonomy. The primary rationale was to create an agile and efficient body capable of planning, appraising, and implementing projects, effectively bypassing the often cumbersome municipal processes. However, this model has raised profound questions about urban governance. A major critique is the democratic deficit it creates. Unlike elected municipal councils, SPVs are not directly accountable to the public, leading to a dilution of democratic accountability. Their functioning can be opaque, creating a dichotomy between the SPV's corporate structure and the democratic mandate of traditional Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).

This parallel governance structure has led to significant challenges in coordination. Key urban stakeholders, primarily the ULBs, are often sidelined, leading to a fragmentation of responsibilities. There is a conspicuous lack of synergy between the SPVs and municipal bodies, resulting in conflicts over jurisdiction and resource allocation. To ameliorate these governance frictions, a more integrated approach is imperative. A robust framework that ensures collaboration rather than competition is needed. Building a political consensus on how to mainstream the functions of SPVs back into the ULB structure over time is a critical prerequisite for the long-term sustainability of urban reforms. Ultimately, the success of the Smart Cities Mission hinges not just on technological advancements, but on establishing a governance model that is democratic, accountable, and truly participatory.

स्मार्ट सिटी मिशन: शासन संबंधी मुद्दे

स्मार्ट सिटी मिशन (SCM) भारत सरकार द्वारा शुरू किए गए सबसे महत्वाकांक्षी (ambitious) शहरी नवीनीकरण कार्यक्रमों में से एक है। यह शहरी विकास में एक महत्वपूर्ण प्रतिमान (paradigm) परिवर्तन का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है, जिसका उद्देश्य ऐसे शहर बनाना है जो मुख्य बुनियादी ढांचा प्रदान करें और अपने नागरिकों को एक सभ्य जीवन स्तर दें। मिशन ने एक स्थायी और समावेशी वातावरण के लिए 'स्मार्ट समाधान' के अनुप्रयोग के माध्यम से 100 शहरों के विकास की परिकल्पना (envisaged) की। SCM के कार्यान्वयन के केंद्र में एक अद्वितीय शासन संरचना है: विशेष प्रयोजन वाहन (SPV)।

SPVs को कंपनी अधिनियम, 2013 के तहत सीमित कंपनियों के रूप में बनाया गया था, जिन्हें परिचालन और वित्तीय स्वायत्तता (autonomy) प्राप्त थी। इसका प्राथमिक तर्क एक फुर्तीला और कुशल निकाय बनाना था जो परियोजनाओं की योजना, मूल्यांकन और कार्यान्वयन में सक्षम हो, और अक्सर बोझिल नगरपालिका प्रक्रियाओं को दरकिनार (bypassing) कर सके। हालांकि, इस मॉडल ने शहरी शासन पर गहरे सवाल उठाए हैं। एक प्रमुख आलोचना यह है कि यह एक लोकतांत्रिक घाटा पैदा करता है। निर्वाचित नगर परिषदों के विपरीत, SPVs सीधे जनता के प्रति जवाबदेह नहीं होते हैं, जिससे लोकतांत्रिक जवाबदेही (accountability) कमजोर होती है। उनका कामकाज अपारदर्शी (opaque) हो सकता है, जिससे SPV की कॉर्पोरेट संरचना और पारंपरिक शहरी स्थानीय निकायों (ULBs) के लोकतांत्रिक जनादेश के बीच एक द्वंद्व (dichotomy) पैदा होता है।

इस समानांतर शासन संरचना ने समन्वय में महत्वपूर्ण चुनौतियों को जन्म दिया है। मुख्य शहरी हितधारक (stakeholders), मुख्य रूप से ULBs, अक्सर हाशिए पर डाल दिए जाते हैं, जिससे जिम्मेदारियों का विखंडन (fragmentation) होता है। SPVs और नगरपालिका निकायों के बीच तालमेल (synergy) का स्पष्ट अभाव है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप अधिकार क्षेत्र और संसाधन आवंटन पर संघर्ष होता है। इन शासन संबंधी घर्षणों को सुधारने (ameliorate) के लिए, एक अधिक एकीकृत दृष्टिकोण अनिवार्य है। एक मजबूत (robust) ढांचे की आवश्यकता है जो प्रतिस्पर्धा के बजाय सहयोग सुनिश्चित करे। समय के साथ SPVs के कार्यों को ULB संरचना में वापस मुख्यधारा में लाने के तरीके पर एक राजनीतिक आम सहमति (consensus) बनाना शहरी सुधारों की दीर्घकालिक स्थिरता के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण पूर्वापेक्षा (prerequisite) है। अंततः, स्मार्ट सिटी मिशन की सफलता केवल तकनीकी प्रगति पर ही नहीं, बल्कि एक ऐसे शासन मॉडल की स्थापना पर निर्भर करती है जो लोकतांत्रिक, जवाबदेह और वास्तव में सहभागी हो।

স্মাৰ্ট চিটি মিছন: শাসনৰ সমস্যা

স্মাৰ্ট চিটি মিছন (SCM) ভাৰত চৰকাৰে আৰম্ভ কৰা অন্যতম উচ্চাকাংক্ষী (ambitious) নগৰীয়া নৱীকৰণ কাৰ্যসূচী। ই নগৰ উন্নয়নত এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদৰ্শ (paradigm) পৰিৱৰ্তনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে, যাৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছে এনেকুৱা চহৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা যিয়ে মূল আন্তঃগাঁথনি প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু নাগৰিকসকলক এক উন্নত জীৱনধাৰণৰ মান দিয়ে। এই মিছনে এক বহনক্ষম আৰু অন্তৰ্ভুক্তিমূলক পৰিৱেশৰ বাবে 'স্মাৰ্ট সমাধান'ৰ প্ৰয়োগৰ জৰিয়তে ১০০খন চহৰৰ বিকাশৰ পৰিকল্পনা (envisaged) কৰিছিল। SCM ৰূপায়ণৰ কেন্দ্ৰত আছে এক অনন্য শাসন গাঁথনি: বিশেষ উদ্দেশ্য বাহন (SPV)।

SPV সমূহক কোম্পানী আইন, ২০১৩-ৰ অধীনত সীমিত কোম্পানী হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ কাৰ্যকৰী আৰু বিত্তীয় স্বায়ত্তশাসন (autonomy) আছিল। ইয়াৰ প্ৰাথমিক যুক্তি আছিল এক agile আৰু দক্ষ সংস্থা সৃষ্টি কৰা যি প্ৰকল্পৰ পৰিকল্পনা, মূল্যায়ন আৰু ৰূপায়ণ কৰিব পাৰে, আৰু প্ৰায়ে জটিল পৌৰসভাৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াসমূহক এৰাই চলিব (bypassing) পাৰে। অৱশ্যে, এই модеলে নগৰীয়া শাসনৰ ওপৰত গভীৰ প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ এক মুখ্য সমালোচনা হ'ল ই সৃষ্টি কৰা গণতান্ত্ৰিক ঘাটি। নিৰ্বাচিত পৌৰ পৰিষদৰ দৰে, SPV সমূহ জনসাধাৰণৰ প্ৰতি পোনপটীয়াকৈ দায়বদ্ধ নহয়, যাৰ ফলত গণতান্ত্ৰিক জবাবদিহিতা (accountability) হ্ৰাস পায়। তেওঁলোকৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ অস্বচ্ছ (opaque) হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত SPV ৰ কৰ্পোৰেট গাঁথনি আৰু পৰম্পৰাগত নগৰীয়া স্থানীয় নিকায় (ULBs)ৰ গণতান্ত্ৰিক আদেশৰ মাজত এক দ্বিধাবিভক্তি (dichotomy) সৃষ্টি হয়।

এই সমান্তৰাল শাসন গাঁথনিয়ে সমন্বয়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰত্যাহ্বানৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে। মুখ্য নগৰীয়া অংশীদাৰসকল (stakeholders), বিশেষকৈ ULBs, প্ৰায়ে একাষৰীয়া হৈ পৰে, যাৰ ফলত দায়িত্বৰ বিভাজন (fragmentation) হয়। SPV আৰু পৌৰ নিকায়সমূহৰ মাজত সমন্বয় (synergy)-ৰ স্পষ্ট অভাৱ দেখা যায়, যাৰ ফলত অধিকাৰক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু সম্পদ আৱণ্টনৰ ওপৰত সংঘাত হয়। এই শাসন সম্পৰ্কীয় সংঘাতসমূহ দূৰ কৰিবলৈ (ameliorate), এক অধিক একত্ৰিত দৃষ্টিভংগী অপৰিহাৰ্য। এক শক্তিশালী (robust) কাঠামোৰ প্ৰয়োজন যিয়ে প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সহযোগিতা নিশ্চিত কৰে। সময়ৰ লগে লগে SPV ৰ কাৰ্যসমূহ ULB গাঁথনিলৈ ঘূৰাই অনাৰ বিষয়ে এক ৰাজনৈতিক ঐক্যমত (consensus) গঢ়ি তোলাটো নগৰীয়া সংস্কাৰৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী বহনক্ষমতাৰ বাবে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পূৰ্বচৰ্ত (prerequisite)। অৱশেষত, স্মাৰ্ট চিটি মিছনৰ সফলতা কেৱল প্ৰযুক্তিগত উন্নতিৰ ওপৰতেই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ এক গণতান্ত্ৰিক, জবাবদিহি আৰু প্ৰকৃততে অংশগ্ৰহণমূলক শাসন মডেল স্থাপনৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে।

AMBITIOUS

Meaning in English — Having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed; requiring a great deal of skill and effort to achieve.

Meaning in Hindi — महत्वाकांक्षी; साहसी

Meaning in Assamese — উচ্চাকাংক্ষী; সাহসী

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Ambition (Noun), Ambitiously (Adverb)

Synonyms — Aspiring, Determined, Enterprising, Goal-oriented, Demanding.

Antonyms — Apathetic, Lazy, Lethargic, Unambitious, Indifferent.

Usage in a sentence — The government launched an ambitious plan to provide housing for all.

PARADIGM

Meaning in English — A typical example or pattern of something; a model or framework.

Meaning in Hindi — प्रतिमान; आदर्श

Meaning in Assamese — আদৰ্শ; নমুনা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Paradigmatic (Adjective)

Synonyms — Model, Pattern, Example, Standard, Prototype.

Antonyms — Anomaly, Exception, Deviation, Aberration, Irregularity.

Usage in a sentence — The new research represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the disease.

ENVISAGED

Meaning in English — Contemplated or conceived of as a possibility or a desirable future event.

Meaning in Hindi — परिकल्पित; सोचा हुआ

Meaning in Assamese — পৰিকল্পিত; ভবা

This Word is an English grammar: Verb (Past Tense/Past Participle)

Forms — Envisage (Verb)

Synonyms — Imagined, Visualized, Conceived, Foreseen, Pictured.

Antonyms — Disregarded, Ignored, Overlooked, Unimagined, Unforeseen.

Usage in a sentence — The original plan envisaged a much larger building.

AUTONOMY

Meaning in English — The right or condition of self-government; freedom from external control.

Meaning in Hindi — स्वायत्तता; स्वतंत्रता

Meaning in Assamese — স্বায়ত্তশাসন; স্বাধীনতা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Autonomous (Adjective)

Synonyms — Independence, Self-rule, Sovereignty, Freedom, Self-determination.

Antonyms — Dependence, Subjection, Control, Subordination, Heteronomy.

Usage in a sentence — The local councils were granted greater autonomy.

BYPASSING

Meaning in English — Going past or around something to avoid it.

Meaning in Hindi — दरकिनार करना; अनदेखा करना

Meaning in Assamese — এৰাই চলা; আওকাণ কৰা

This Word is an English grammar: Verb (Present Participle)

Forms — Bypass (Verb/Noun)

Synonyms — Evading, Avoiding, Circumventing, Skirting, Dodging.

Antonyms — Confronting, Facing, Addressing, Engaging, Tackling.

Usage in a sentence — The new law was accused of bypassing environmental regulations.

ACCOUNTABILITY

Meaning in English — The fact or condition of being accountable; responsibility.

Meaning in Hindi — जवाबदेही; उत्तरदायित्व

Meaning in Assamese — জবাবদিহিতা; দায়িত্ব

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Accountable (Adjective)

Synonyms — Responsibility, Liability, Answerability, Culpability, Obligation.

Antonyms — Irresponsibility, Impunity, Unaccountability, Exemption, Immunity.

Usage in a sentence — The report called for greater accountability in public spending.

OPAQUE

Meaning in English — Not able to be seen through; not transparent; hard to understand.

Meaning in Hindi — अपारदर्शी; अस्पष्ट

Meaning in Assamese — অস্বচ্ছ; অস্পষ্ট

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Opaqueness (Noun)

Synonyms — Murky, Unclear, Obscure, Nontransparent, Cloudy.

Antonyms — Transparent, Clear, Translucent, Lucid, Comprehensible.

Usage in a sentence — The company's financial dealings were deliberately opaque.

DICHOTOMY

Meaning in English — A division or contrast between two things that are represented as being opposed or entirely different.

Meaning in Hindi — द्वंद्व; विभाजन

Meaning in Assamese — দ্বিধাবিভক্তি; বৈপৰীত্য

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Dichotomous (Adjective)

Synonyms — Contrast, Division, Split, Gulf, Chasm.

Antonyms — Agreement, Harmony, Similarity, Likeness, Union.

Usage in a sentence — There is a sharp dichotomy between the company's stated values and its actual practices.

STAKEHOLDERS

Meaning in English — A person, group or organization that has an interest or concern in an organization or system.

Meaning in Hindi — हितधारक; संबंधित पक्ष

Meaning in Assamese — অংশীদাৰ; হিতধাৰক

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Stakeholder (Singular)

Synonyms — Participants, Interested parties, Shareholders, Partners, Associates.

Antonyms — Outsiders, Strangers, Non-participants, Opponents, Detractors.

Usage in a sentence — A consultation meeting was held with all the key stakeholders.

FRAGMENTATION

Meaning in English — The process or state of breaking or being broken into small or separate parts.

Meaning in Hindi — विखंडन; विभाजन

Meaning in Assamese — বিভাজন; খণ্ডিতকৰণ

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Fragment (Verb/Noun), Fragmented (Adjective)

Synonyms — Disintegration, Shattering, Splintering, Division, Breaking up.

Antonyms — Unification, Integration, Consolidation, Combination, Cohesion.

Usage in a sentence — The fragmentation of political parties made it difficult to form a stable government.

SYNERGY

Meaning in English — The interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.

Meaning in Hindi — तालमेल;协同作用

Meaning in Assamese — সমন্বয়; সহক্ৰিয়া

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Synergistic (Adjective)

Synonyms — Teamwork, Cooperation, Collaboration, Combined effort, Unity.

Antonyms — Antagonism, Discord, Disunion, Conflict, Opposition.

Usage in a sentence — There is a great deal of synergy between the two departments.

AMELIORATE

Meaning in English — To make something bad or unsatisfactory better.

Meaning in Hindi — सुधारना; बेहतर बनाना

Meaning in Assamese — উন্নত কৰা; ভাল কৰা

This Word is an English grammar: Verb

Forms — Amelioration (Noun)

Synonyms — Improve, Enhance, Better, Upgrade, Alleviate.

Antonyms — Worsen, Exacerbate, Aggravate, Impair, Harm.

Usage in a sentence — The new policies are intended to ameliorate the traffic problem.

ROBUST

Meaning in English — Strong and healthy; vigorous; sturdy in construction.

Meaning in Hindi — मजबूत; शक्तिशाली

Meaning in Assamese — শক্তিশালী; মজবুত

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Robustly (Adverb), Robustness (Noun)

Synonyms — Strong, Sturdy, Tough, Powerful, Resilient.

Antonyms — Weak, Fragile, Feeble, Delicate, Flimsy.

Usage in a sentence — A robust governance framework is needed for the mission's success.

CONSENSUS

Meaning in English — A general agreement among a group of people.

Meaning in Hindi — आम सहमति; मतैक्य

Meaning in Assamese — ঐক্যমত; সৰ্বসন্মতি

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — N/A

Synonyms — Agreement, Harmony, Accord, Unanimity, Concord.

Antonyms — Disagreement, Conflict, Dissent, Dispute, Opposition.

Usage in a sentence — The committee failed to reach a consensus on the new proposal.

PREREQUISITE

Meaning in English — A thing that is required as a prior condition for something else to happen or exist.

Meaning in Hindi — पूर्वापेक्षा; शर्त

Meaning in Assamese — পূৰ্বচৰ্ত; আৱশ্যকীয়

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — N/A

Synonyms — Requirement, Condition, Necessity, Precondition, Essential.

Antonyms — Consequence, Result, Outcome, Afterthought, Add-on.

Usage in a sentence — Hard work is a prerequisite for success.

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