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Daily Reading 10th February

Reservation Policy: Reforms and Challenges

Affirmative action, known in the Indian context as reservation, is a quintessential element of the nation's democratic framework, designed to ameliorate historical injustices against marginalized communities. This policy is a foundational tool in the pursuit of an egalitarian social order. While its goals are noble, the implementation and extension of reservation policies have remained a deeply contentious subject of national discourse for decades.

The constitutional basis for this policy is firmly entrenched in Articles 15(4) and 16(4), which empower the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes. The core principle is not merely formal equality but substantive equality. This acknowledges that due to historical disadvantages, not everyone begins from the same starting point. Reservation is thus conceptualized as a form of social redressal, a necessary measure to provide a level playing field and is a key constitutional mandate.

Despite its laudable objectives, affirmative action faces several challenges. A perennial criticism is that it can perpetuate caste consciousness and create a social stigma for the beneficiaries. There is also a heated debate surrounding its efficacy, with questions about whether the benefits truly reach the most deserving individuals within the targeted groups. This creates a sharp dichotomy between the principles of meritocracy and social justice. The issue of the "creamy layer"—affluent members of backward classes—benefiting from reservation is a particularly difficult problem that demands a pragmatic solution.

Therefore, it is imperative to have a judicious approach to affirmative action. It requires periodic review to assess its impact and to ensure that it does not become a tool for political gain. The ultimate aim of such policies should be to create a society where they are no longer needed—a society where historical disadvantages have been overcome, and every individual can compete on an equal footing. This requires a balanced approach that combines reservation with other measures for educational and economic empowerment.

आरक्षण नीति: सुधार और चुनौतियां

सकारात्मक कार्रवाई, जिसे भारतीय संदर्भ में आरक्षण के रूप में जाना जाता है, देश के लोकतांत्रिक ढांचे का एक सर्वोत्कृष्ट (quintessential) तत्व है, जिसे हाशिए पर (marginalized) पड़े समुदायों के खिलाफ ऐतिहासिक अन्यायों को सुधारने (ameliorate) के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया है। यह नीति एक समतावादी (egalitarian) सामाजिक व्यवस्था की खोज में एक मौलिक उपकरण है। जबकि इसके लक्ष्य नेक हैं, आरक्षण नीतियों का कार्यान्वयन और विस्तार दशकों से राष्ट्रीय विमर्श (discourse) का एक गहरा विवादास्पद (contentious) विषय बना हुआ है।

इस नीति का संवैधानिक आधार अनुच्छेद 15(4) और 16(4) में दृढ़ता से जमा हुआ (entrenched) है, जो राज्य को सामाजिक और शैक्षिक रूप से पिछड़े वर्गों की उन्नति के लिए विशेष प्रावधान करने का अधिकार देता है। मूल सिद्धांत केवल औपचारिक समानता नहीं, बल्कि वास्तविक (substantive) समानता है। यह स्वीकार करता है कि ऐतिहासिक नुकसान के कारण, हर कोई एक ही शुरुआती बिंदु से शुरू नहीं होता है। इस प्रकार आरक्षण को सामाजिक निवारण (redressal) के एक रूप के रूप में संकल्पित किया गया है, जो एक समान अवसर प्रदान करने के लिए एक आवश्यक उपाय है और एक प्रमुख संवैधानिक जनादेश (mandate) है।

इसके प्रशंसनीय उद्देश्यों के बावजूद, सकारात्मक कार्रवाई को कई चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ता है। एक चिरस्थायी (perennial) आलोचना यह है कि यह जाति चेतना को बनाए रख सकती है और लाभार्थियों के लिए एक सामाजिक कलंक (stigma) पैदा कर सकती है। इसकी प्रभावकारिता (efficacy) को लेकर भी एक गरमागरम बहस है, जिसमें सवाल उठाए जाते हैं कि क्या लाभ वास्तव में लक्षित समूहों के भीतर सबसे योग्य व्यक्तियों तक पहुंचते हैं। यह योग्यता और सामाजिक न्याय के सिद्धांतों के बीच एक तीव्र द्वंद्व (dichotomy) पैदा करता है। "क्रीमी लेयर" का मुद्दा - पिछड़े वर्गों के संपन्न सदस्य - आरक्षण से लाभान्वित होना एक विशेष रूप से कठिन समस्या है जिसके लिए एक व्यावहारिक (pragmatic) समाधान की आवश्यकता है।

इसलिए, सकारात्मक कार्रवाई के प्रति एक विवेकपूर्ण (judicious) दृष्टिकोण अपनाना अनिवार्य (imperative) है। इसके प्रभाव का आकलन करने और यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कि यह राजनीतिक लाभ का एक उपकरण न बन जाए, इसकी आवधिक समीक्षा की आवश्यकता है। ऐसी नीतियों का अंतिम उद्देश्य एक ऐसे समाज का निर्माण करना होना चाहिए जहां उनकी अब आवश्यकता न हो - एक ऐसा समाज जहां ऐतिहासिक नुकसान दूर हो गए हों, और प्रत्येक व्यक्ति समान स्तर पर प्रतिस्पर्धा कर सके। इसके लिए एक संतुलित दृष्टिकोण की आवश्यकता है जो आरक्षण को शैक्षिक और आर्थिक सशक्तिकरण के अन्य उपायों के साथ जोड़ता है।

সংৰক্ষণ নীতি: সংস্কাৰ আৰু প্ৰত্যাহ্বান

ইতিবাচক পদক্ষেপ, যাক ভাৰতীয় প্ৰেক্ষাপটত সংৰক্ষণ বুলি জনা যায়, দেশৰ গণতান্ত্ৰিক কাঠামোৰ এক उत्कृष्ट (quintessential) উপাদান, যাক প্ৰান্তীয় (marginalized) সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ঐতিহাসিক অন্যায় कम কৰাৰ (ameliorate) বাবে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। এই নীতি এক সমতাবাদী (egalitarian) সামাজিক ব্যৱস্থাৰ সন্ধানত এক মৌলিক সঁজুলি। যদিও ইয়াৰ লক্ষ্য মহান, সংৰক্ষণ নীতিৰ ৰূপায়ণ আৰু সম্প্ৰসাৰণ দশকজুৰি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আলোচনা (discourse)-ৰ এক গভীৰ বিতর্কিত (contentious) বিষয় হৈ আছে।

এই নীতিৰ সাংবিধানিক ভিত্তি অনুচ্ছেদ ১৫(৪) আৰু ১৬(৪)-ত দৃঢ়ভাৱে শিপাই আছে (entrenched), যিয়ে ৰাজ্যক সামাজিক আৰু শৈক্ষিকভাৱে পিছপৰা শ্ৰেণীৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে বিশেষ ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ ক্ষমতা দিয়ে। মূল নীতি কেৱল আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতা নহয়, বৰঞ্চ বাস্তৱিক (substantive) সমতা। ই স্বীকাৰ কৰে যে ঐতিহাসিক অসুবিধাৰ বাবে, সকলোৱে একে আৰম্ভণি বিন্দুৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ নকৰে। সেয়েহে সংৰক্ষণক সামাজিক প্ৰতিকাৰ (redressal)-ৰ এক ৰূপ হিচাপে ধাৰণা কৰা হৈছে, এক সমান সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰাৰ বাবে এক প্ৰয়োজনীয় ব্যৱস্থা আৰু এক মুখ্য সাংবিধানিক আদেশ (mandate)।

ইয়াৰ প্ৰশংসনীয় উদ্দেশ্য থকা সত্ত্বেও, ইতিবাচক পদক্ষেপে কেইবাটাও প্ৰত্যাহ্বানৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। এক চিৰস্থায়ী (perennial) সমালোচনা হৈছে যে ই জাতি চেতনা বৰ্তাই ৰাখিব পাৰে আৰু হিতাধিকাৰীসকলৰ বাবে এক সামাজিক কলঙ্ক (stigma) সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াৰ কাৰ্যকাৰিতা (efficacy)-ক লৈও এক তীব্ৰ বিতর্ক আছে, য'ত প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হয় যে ইয়াৰ लाभসমূহ সঁচাকৈয়ে লক্ষ্যভুক্ত গোটসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ যোগ্য ব্যক্তিসকলৰ ওচৰ পায়নে? ই মেধা আৰু সামাজিক ন্যায়ৰ নীতিসমূহৰ মাজত এক স্পষ্ট দ্বিধাবিভক্তি (dichotomy) সৃষ্টি কৰে। "ক্ৰিমি লেয়াৰ"ৰ বিষয়টো - পিছপৰা শ্ৰেণীৰ ধনী সদস্যসকলে সংৰক্ষণৰ পৰা লাভান্বিত হোৱাটো এক বিশেষভাৱে কঠিন সমস্যা যাৰ বাবে এক বাস্তৱসন্মত (pragmatic) সমাধানৰ প্ৰয়োজন।

সেয়েহে, ইতিবাচক পদক্ষেপৰ প্ৰতি এক বিবেচনাপূৰ্ণ (judicious) দৃষ্টিভংগী লোৱাটো অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় (imperative)। ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ আৰু ই যাতে ৰাজনৈতিক লাভৰ এক সঁজুলি হৈ নপৰে সেয়া নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ ইয়াৰ সময়ে সময়ে সমীক্ষাৰ প্ৰয়োজন। এনে নীতিৰ চূড়ান্ত লক্ষ্য হ'ব লাগে এনে এখন সমাজ গঢ়ি তোলা য'ত এইবোৰৰ আৰু প্ৰয়োজন নহয়—এনে এখন সমাজ য'ত ঐতিহাসিক অসুবিধাসমূহ দূৰ কৰা হৈছে, আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিয়ে সমান সুযোগত প্ৰতিযোগিতা কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে এক সন্তুলিত দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ প্ৰয়োজন যিয়ে সংৰক্ষণক শৈক্ষিক আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক সশক্তিকৰণৰ আন ব্যৱস্থাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰে।

QUINTESSENTIAL

Meaning in English — Representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or class.

Meaning in Hindi — सर्वोत्कृष्ट; आदर्श

Meaning in Assamese — উৎকৃষ্ট; আদৰ্শ

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Quintessence (Noun)

Synonyms — Typical, Archetypal, Classic, Ideal, Exemplary.

Antonyms — Atypical, Unusual, Abnormal, Unrepresentative, Deviant.

Usage in a sentence — He was the quintessential civil servant, dedicated and impartial.

AMELIORATE

Meaning in English — To make something bad or unsatisfactory better.

Meaning in Hindi — सुधारना; बेहतर बनाना

Meaning in Assamese — উন্নত কৰা; ভাল কৰা

This Word is an English grammar: Verb

Forms — Amelioration (Noun)

Synonyms — Improve, Enhance, Better, Upgrade, Alleviate.

Antonyms — Worsen, Exacerbate, Aggravate, Impair, Harm.

Usage in a sentence — The reforms are intended to ameliorate the living conditions of the poor.

MARGINALIZED

Meaning in English — Treated as insignificant or peripheral.

Meaning in Hindi — हाशिए पर; उपेक्षित

Meaning in Assamese — প্ৰান্তীয়; উপেক্ষিত

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Marginalize (Verb), Marginalization (Noun)

Synonyms — Sidelined, Disenfranchised, Alienated, Ostracized, Victimized.

Antonyms — Empowered, Mainstream, Central, Privileged, Included.

Usage in a sentence — The policy aims to uplift the most marginalized sections of society.

EGALITARIAN

Meaning in English — Believing in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights.

Meaning in Hindi — समतावादी; समानतावादी

Meaning in Assamese — সমতাবাদী

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Egalitarianism (Noun)

Synonyms — Equitable, Impartial, Unbiased, Democratic, Fair.

Antonyms — Elitist, Hierarchical, Autocratic, Snobbish, Unequal.

Usage in a sentence — The goal is to create a more egalitarian and just society.

CONTENTIOUS

Meaning in English — Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.

Meaning in Hindi — विवादास्पद

Meaning in Assamese — বিতর্কিত; বিবাদপূর্ণ

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Contention (Noun)

Synonyms — Controversial, Debatable, Disputable, Disputed, Argumentative.

Antonyms — Uncontroversial, Agreeable, Harmonious, Peaceful, Certain.

Usage in a sentence — Affirmative action remains a highly contentious issue.

DISCOURSE

Meaning in English — Written or spoken communication or debate.

Meaning in Hindi — विमर्श; प्रवचन

Meaning in Assamese — আলোচনা; বিতৰ্ক

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Discourse (Verb)

Synonyms — Discussion, Conversation, Dialogue, Debate, Communication.

Antonyms — Silence, Quiet, Reticence, Muteness, Taciturnity.

Usage in a sentence — The event aimed to foster a public discourse on national policy.

ENTRENCHED

Meaning in English — Firmly established and difficult or unlikely to change; ingrained.

Meaning in Hindi — जमी हुई; गहरी जड़ें

Meaning in Assamese — শিপাই থকা; দৃঢ়ভাৱে প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Entrench (Verb)

Synonyms — Ingrained, Deep-rooted, Established, Fixed, Firm.

Antonyms — Superficial, Temporary, Flexible, Unstable, Weak.

Usage in a sentence — The problem of corruption is deeply entrenched in the system.

SUBSTANTIVE

Meaning in English — Having a firm basis in reality and therefore important, meaningful, or considerable.

Meaning in Hindi — मूल; वास्तविक

Meaning in Assamese — মূল; সাৰগৰ্ভ

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Substance (Noun), Substantively (Adverb)

Synonyms — Real, Material, Significant, Substantial, Meaningful.

Antonyms — Trivial, Insubstantial, Minor, Procedural, Superficial.

Usage in a sentence — The two leaders had a substantive discussion on bilateral issues.

REDRESSAL

Meaning in English — Remedy or compensation for a wrong or grievance.

Meaning in Hindi — निवारण; প্রতিকার

Meaning in Assamese — প্ৰতিকাৰ; নিৰাময়

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Redress (Verb)

Synonyms — Remedy, Compensation, Rectification, Amends, Restitution.

Antonyms — Wrong, Injury, Grievance, Injustice, Harm.

Usage in a sentence — The consumer forum provides a mechanism for grievance redressal.

MANDATE

Meaning in English — An official order or commission to do something.

Meaning in Hindi — जनादेश; आदेश

Meaning in Assamese — আদেশ; কৰ্তৃত্ব

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Mandate (Verb), Mandatory (Adjective)

Synonyms — Instruction, Directive, Decree, Command, Order.

Antonyms — Request, Suggestion, Appeal, Plea, Option.

Usage in a sentence — The election victory gave the party a clear mandate to govern.

PERENNIAL

Meaning in English — Lasting or existing for a long time; continually recurring.

Meaning in Hindi — बारहमासी; चिरस्थायी

Meaning in Assamese — চিৰস্থায়ী; বাৰ্ষিক

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Perennially (Adverb)

Synonyms — Everlasting, Perpetual, Enduring, Constant, Persistent.

Antonyms — Temporary, Ephemeral, Transient, Fleeting, Short-lived.

Usage in a sentence — Lack of funding is a perennial problem for the arts sector.

STIGMA

Meaning in English — A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

Meaning in Hindi — कलंक; लांछन

Meaning in Assamese — কলঙ্ক; দাগ

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Stigmatize (Verb)

Synonyms — Shame, Disgrace, Dishonor, Taint, Blemish.

Antonyms — Honor, Esteem, Prestige, Credit, Approval.

Usage in a sentence — There is still a social stigma attached to unemployment.

EFFICACY

Meaning in English — The ability to produce a desired or intended result.

Meaning in Hindi — प्रभावकारिता; क्षमता

Meaning in Assamese — কাৰ্যকাৰিতা; ফলপ্ৰসূতা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Efficacious (Adjective)

Synonyms — Effectiveness, Success, Potency, Power, Virtue.

Antonyms — Inefficacy, Ineffectiveness, Uselessness, Inefficiency, Futility.

Usage in a sentence — The efficacy of the new drug is being tested in clinical trials.

DICHOTOMY

Meaning in English — A division or contrast between two things that are represented as being opposed.

Meaning in Hindi — द्वंद्व; विभाजन

Meaning in Assamese — দ্বিধাবিভক্তি; বৈপৰীত্য

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Dichotomous (Adjective)

Synonyms — Contrast, Division, Split, Gulf, Chasm.

Antonyms — Agreement, Harmony, Similarity, Likeness, Union.

Usage in a sentence — He struggled with the dichotomy between his personal beliefs and his professional duties.

PRAGMATIC

Meaning in English — Dealing with things sensibly and realistically based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.

Meaning in Hindi — व्यावहारिक; यथार्थवादी

Meaning in Assamese — বাস্তৱসন্মত; ব্যৱহাৰিক

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Pragmatism (Noun), Pragmatically (Adverb)

Synonyms — Practical, Realistic, Sensible, Down-to-earth, Businesslike.

Antonyms — Impractical, Unrealistic, Idealistic, Theoretical, Visionary.

Usage in a sentence — The situation calls for a pragmatic approach, not an ideological one.

IMPERATIVE

Meaning in English — Of vital importance; crucial.

Meaning in Hindi — अनिवार्य; अत्यावश्यक

Meaning in Assamese — অত্যাৱশ্যকীয়; অপৰিহাৰ্য

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Imperative (Noun)

Synonyms — Crucial, Vital, Essential, Necessary, Indispensable.

Antonyms — Optional, Unimportant, Secondary, Trivial, Nonessential.

Usage in a sentence — It is imperative to act now to address the climate crisis.

JUDICIOUS

Meaning in English — Having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense.

Meaning in Hindi — विवेकपूर्ण; बुद्धिमानीपूर्ण

Meaning in Assamese — বিবেচনাপূৰ্ণ; জ্ঞানী

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Judiciously (Adverb)

Synonyms — Wise, Prudent, Sensible, Shrewd, Astute.

Antonyms — Foolish, Reckless, Imprudent, Rash, Unwise.

Usage in a sentence — A judicious review of the policy is needed to ensure its fairness.

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