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Daily Reading 8th February

Social Justice in the Indian Constitution

Social justice is a quintessential principle that forms the cornerstone of the Indian Constitution. It is not merely a political slogan but a guiding philosophy that is deeply enshrined in the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP). The framers of the Constitution were acutely aware of the deep-seated social inequalities that were entrenched in Indian society. Their vision was to create an egalitarian social order where every citizen could live a life of dignity. Therefore, the constitutional framework was designed to ameliorate the conditions of the historically marginalized and disadvantaged sections of society.

The commitment to social justice finds its most substantive expression in the Fundamental Rights. Articles 14, 15, and 16 guarantee equality and prohibit discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. The abolition of untouchability under Article 17 is a powerful statement against a pervasive social evil. These rights are justiciable, providing a legal mechanism for redressal against discrimination. This represents a significant paradigm shift from the pre-constitutional era, creating a legal foundation for social reform.

While Fundamental Rights provide the legal mandate, the DPSPs (Part IV) outline the policy mandate for the state to achieve social and economic justice. Though non-justiciable, they are fundamental in the governance of the country. Principles like equal pay for equal work, securing a living wage, and promoting the educational and economic interests of weaker sections are imperative goals for the state to pursue. This creates a dichotomy between legally enforceable rights and aspirational policy goals, but both work in tandem. The judiciary, through its judicious interpretations, has often read the spirit of DPSPs into the Fundamental Rights, thereby expanding their scope and making social justice a tangible reality. The ongoing challenge lies in the effective implementation of these principles to overcome the deep-rooted inequalities that still persist.

भारतीय संविधान में सामाजिक न्याय

सामाजिक न्याय एक सर्वोत्कृष्ट (quintessential) सिद्धांत है जो भारतीय संविधान की आधारशिला (cornerstone) है। यह केवल एक राजनीतिक नारा नहीं है, बल्कि एक मार्गदर्शक दर्शन है जो प्रस्तावना, मौलिक अधिकारों और राज्य के नीति निदेशक सिद्धांतों (DPSP) में गहराई से प्रतिष्ठित (enshrined) है। संविधान के निर्माता भारतीय समाज में गहराई से जमी हुई (entrenched) सामाजिक असमानताओं से अच्छी तरह वाकिफ थे। उनका दृष्टिकोण एक समतावादी (egalitarian) सामाजिक व्यवस्था बनाना था जहाँ हर नागरिक गरिमा का जीवन जी सके। इसलिए, संवैधानिक ढांचे को समाज के ऐतिहासिक रूप से हाशिए पर (marginalized) और वंचित वर्गों की स्थितियों को सुधारने (ameliorate) के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया था।

सामाजिक न्याय के प्रति प्रतिबद्धता अपनी सबसे ठोस (substantive) अभिव्यक्ति मौलिक अधिकारों में पाती है। अनुच्छेद 14, 15 और 16 समानता की गारंटी देते हैं और धर्म, नस्ल, जाति, लिंग या जन्म स्थान के आधार पर भेदभाव को प्रतिबंधित करते हैं। अनुच्छेद 17 के तहत अस्पृश्यता का उन्मूलन एक व्यापक (pervasive) सामाजिक बुराई के खिलाफ एक शक्तिशाली बयान है। ये अधिकार न्यायोचित हैं, जो भेदभाव के खिलाफ कानूनी निवारण (redressal) के लिए एक तंत्र प्रदान करते हैं। यह पूर्व-संवैधानिक युग से एक महत्वपूर्ण प्रतिमान (paradigm) परिवर्तन का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है, जो सामाजिक सुधार के लिए एक कानूनी आधार बनाता है।

जबकि मौलिक अधिकार कानूनी जनादेश प्रदान करते हैं, DPSP (भाग IV) सामाजिक और आर्थिक न्याय प्राप्त करने के लिए राज्य के लिए नीति जनादेश (mandate) की रूपरेखा तैयार करते हैं। यद्यपि वे न्यायोचित नहीं हैं, वे देश के शासन में मौलिक हैं। समान काम के लिए समान वेतन, जीवन निर्वाह मजदूरी सुरक्षित करना, और कमजोर वर्गों के शैक्षिक और आर्थिक हितों को बढ़ावा देना जैसे सिद्धांत राज्य के लिए अनुसरण करने हेतु अनिवार्य (imperative) लक्ष्य हैं। यह कानूनी रूप से लागू करने योग्य अधिकारों और आकांक्षात्मक नीति लक्ष्यों के बीच एक द्वंद्व (dichotomy) पैदा करता है, लेकिन दोनों एक साथ काम करते हैं। न्यायपालिका ने अपनी विवेकपूर्ण (judicious) व्याख्याओं के माध्यम से, अक्सर DPSP की भावना को मौलिक अधिकारों में पढ़ा है, जिससे उनका दायरा बढ़ गया है और सामाजिक न्याय एक ठोस वास्तविकता बन गया है। चल रही चुनौती इन सिद्धांतों के प्रभावी कार्यान्वयन में निहित है ताकि अभी भी मौजूद गहरी जड़ें जमा चुकी असमानताओं को दूर किया जा सके।

ভাৰতীয় সংবিধানত সামাজিক ন্যায়

সামাজিক ন্যায় এক उत्কৃষ্ট (quintessential) নীতি যি ভাৰতীয় সংবিধানৰ আধাৰশিলা (cornerstone)। ই কেৱল এক ৰাজনৈতিক শ্লোগান নহয়, বৰঞ্চ এক পথপ্ৰদৰ্শক দৰ্শন যি প্ৰস্তাৱনা, মৌলিক অধিকাৰ, আৰু ৰাজ্যৰ নীতি নিৰ্দেশক তত্ত্ব (DPSP)ত গভীৰভাৱে সন্নিৱিষ্ট (enshrined)। সংবিধানৰ নিৰ্মাতাসকল ভাৰতীয় সমাজত গভীৰভাৱে শিপাই থকা (entrenched) সামাজিক বৈষম্যৰ বিষয়ে সচেতন আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ দৃষ্টিভংগী আছিল এক সমতাবাদী (egalitarian) সামাজিক ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তোলা য'ত প্ৰতিজন নাগৰিকে মৰ্যাদাৰে জীৱন যাপন কৰিব পাৰে। সেয়েহে, সাংবিধানিক কাঠামোখন সমাজৰ ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে প্ৰান্তীয় (marginalized) আৰু সুবিধাবঞ্চিত শ্ৰেণীৰ অৱস্থা উন্নত কৰিবলৈ (ameliorate) ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।

সামাজিক ন্যায়ৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ আটাইতকৈ মূল (substantive) প্ৰকাশ মৌলিক অধিকাৰত পোৱা যায়। ১৪, ১৫, আৰু ১৬ নং অনুচ্ছেদে সমতাৰ নিশ্চয়তা দিয়ে আৰু ধৰ্ম, জাতি, বৰ্ণ, লিংগ বা জন্মস্থানৰ आधारত বৈষম্য নিষিদ্ধ কৰে। ১৭ নং অনুচ্ছেদৰ অধীনত অস্পৃশ্যতাৰ বিলোপ এক ব্যাপক (pervasive) সামাজিক কু-প্ৰথাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক শক্তিশালী বক্তব্য। এই অধিকাৰসমূহ ন্যায়সংগত, যিয়ে বৈষম্যৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আইনী প্ৰতিকাৰ (redressal)-ৰ এক ব্যৱস্থা প্ৰদান কৰে। ই প্ৰাক-সাংবিধানিক যুগৰ পৰা এক গুৰত্বপূৰ্ণ আদৰ্শ (paradigm) পৰিৱৰ্তনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে, যিয়ে সামাজিক সংস্কাৰৰ বাবে এক আইনী ভিত্তি স্থাপন কৰে।

যদিও মৌলিক অধিকাৰে আইনী আদেশ প্ৰদান কৰে, DPSP (চতুৰ্থ খণ্ড)য়ে সামাজিক আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক ন্যায় লাভ কৰিবলৈ ৰাজ্যৰ বাবে নীতি আদেশ (mandate) নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। যদিও এইবোৰ ন্যায়সংগত নহয়, দেশৰ শাসনত এইবোৰ মৌলিক। সমান কামৰ বাবে সমান দৰমহা, জীৱন-নিৰ্বাহৰ মজুৰি সুৰক্ষিত কৰা, আৰু দুৰ্বল শ্ৰেণীৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক স্বাৰ্থক প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ দৰে নীতিসমূহ ৰাজ্যই অনুসৰণ কৰিবলগীয়া অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় (imperative) লক্ষ্য। ই আইনগতভাৱে বলবৎযোগ্য অধিকাৰ আৰু আকাংক্ষিত নীতি লক্ষ্যৰ মাজত এক দ্বিধাবিভক্তি (dichotomy) সৃষ্টি কৰে, কিন্তু দুয়োটাই একেলগে কাম কৰে। ন্যায়পালিকাই নিজৰ বিবেচনাপূৰ্ণ (judicious) ব্যাখ্যাৰ জৰিয়তে, প্ৰায়ে DPSPৰ আত্মাক মৌলিক অধিকাৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে আৰু সামাজিক ন্যায় এক বাস্তৱিক সত্য হৈ পৰিছে। এতিয়াও বৰ্তি থকা গভীৰ বৈষম্যসমূহ দূৰ কৰিবলৈ এই নীতিসমূহৰ কাৰ্যকৰী ৰূপায়ণেই চলি থকা প্ৰত্যাহ্বান।

QUINTESSENTIAL


Meaning in English — Representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or class.

Meaning in Hindi — सर्वोत्कृष्ट; आदर्श

Meaning in Assamese — উৎকৃষ্ট; আদৰ্শ

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Quintessence (Noun)

Synonyms — Typical, Archetypal, Classic, Ideal, Exemplary.

Antonyms — Atypical, Unusual, Abnormal, Unrepresentative, Deviant.

Usage in a sentence — He was the quintessential gentleman, always polite and considerate.

CORNERSTONE


Meaning in English — An important quality or feature on which a particular thing depends or is based.

Meaning in Hindi — आधारशिला; मूल सिद्धांत

Meaning in Assamese — আধাৰশিলা; মূল ভিত্তি

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Cornerstones (Plural)

Synonyms — Foundation, Bedrock, Basis, Keystone, Linchpin.

Antonyms — Accessory, Trifle, Nonessential, Side issue, Frill.

Usage in a sentence — Trust is the cornerstone of any strong relationship.

ENSHRINED


Meaning in English — Preserved a right, tradition, or idea in a form that ensures it will be protected and respected.

Meaning in Hindi — प्रतिष्ठित; संरक्षित

Meaning in Assamese — সন্নিৱিষ্ট; সংৰক্ষিত

This Word is an English grammar: Verb (Past Participle)

Forms — Enshrine (Verb), Enshrinement (Noun)

Synonyms — Embody, Preserve, Consecrate, Sanctify, Cherish.

Antonyms — Violate, Disregard, Desecrate, Abolish, Neglect.

Usage in a sentence — The right to equality is enshrined in the nation's constitution.

ENTRENCHED


Meaning in English — (of an attitude, habit, or belief) firmly established and difficult or unlikely to change; ingrained.

Meaning in Hindi — जमी हुई; गहरी जड़ें

Meaning in Assamese — শিপাই থকা; দৃঢ়ভাৱে প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Entrench (Verb)

Synonyms — Ingrained, Deep-rooted, Established, Fixed, Firm.

Antonyms — Superficial, Temporary, Flexible, Unstable, Weak.

Usage in a sentence — It is very difficult to change attitudes that have become so deeply entrenched.

EGALITARIAN


Meaning in English — Believing in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

Meaning in Hindi — समतावादी; समानतावादी

Meaning in Assamese — সমতাবাদী

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Egalitarianism (Noun)

Synonyms — Equitable, Impartial, Unbiased, Democratic, Fair.

Antonyms — Elitist, Hierarchical, Autocratic, Snobbish, Unequal.

Usage in a sentence — The constitution aims to build a truly egalitarian society.

AMELIORATE


Meaning in English — To make something bad or unsatisfactory better.

Meaning in Hindi — सुधारना; बेहतर बनाना

Meaning in Assamese — উন্নত কৰা; ভাল কৰা

This Word is an English grammar: Verb

Forms — Amelioration (Noun)

Synonyms — Improve, Enhance, Better, Upgrade, Alleviate.

Antonyms — Worsen, Exacerbate, Aggravate, Impair, Harm.

Usage in a sentence — New policies were introduced to ameliorate the living conditions of the urban poor.

MARGINALIZED


Meaning in English — Treated as insignificant or peripheral; placed in a position of little or no importance, influence, or power.

Meaning in Hindi — हाशिए पर; उपेक्षित

Meaning in Assamese — প্ৰান্তীয়; উপেক্ষিত

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Marginalize (Verb), Marginalization (Noun)

Synonyms — Disenfranchised, Alienated, Sidelined, Ostracized, Victimized.

Antonyms — Empowered, Mainstream, Central, Privileged, Included.

Usage in a sentence — The government has special schemes to support marginalized communities.

SUBSTANTIVE


Meaning in English — Having a firm basis in reality and therefore important, meaningful, or considerable.

Meaning in Hindi — मूल; वास्तविक

Meaning in Assamese — মূল; সাৰগৰ্ভ

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Substance (Noun), Substantively (Adverb)

Synonyms — Real, Material, Significant, Substantial, Meaningful.

Antonyms — Trivial, Insubstantial, Minor, Procedural, Superficial.

Usage in a sentence — The discussion moved from procedural matters to more substantive issues.

PERVASIVE


Meaning in English — Spreading widely throughout an area or a group of people.

Meaning in Hindi — व्यापक; सर्वव्यापी

Meaning in Assamese — ব্যাপক; সৰ্বব্যাপী

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Pervade (Verb), Pervasiveness (Noun)

Synonyms — Prevalent, Widespread, Ubiquitous, Omnipresent, Rife.

Antonyms — Rare, Scarce, Limited, Uncommon, Infrequent.

Usage in a sentence — The influence of technology is pervasive in modern life.

REDRESSAL


Meaning in English — Remedy or compensation for a wrong or grievance.

Meaning in Hindi — निवारण; প্রতিকার

Meaning in Assamese — প্ৰতিকাৰ; নিৰাময়

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Redress (Verb)

Synonyms — Remedy, Compensation, Rectification, Amends, Restitution.

Antonyms — Wrong, Injury, Grievance, Injustice, Harm.

Usage in a sentence — The court ordered a financial redressal for the victim.

PARADIGM


Meaning in English — A typical example or pattern of something; a model or framework.

Meaning in Hindi — प्रतिमान; आदर्श

Meaning in Assamese — আদৰ্শ; নমুনা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Paradigmatic (Adjective)

Synonyms — Model, Pattern, Example, Standard, Prototype.

Antonyms — Anomaly, Exception, Deviation, Aberration, Irregularity.

Usage in a sentence — This new discovery represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of evolution.

MANDATE


Meaning in English — An official order or commission to do something; the authority to carry out a policy.

Meaning in Hindi — जनादेश; आदेश

Meaning in Assamese — আদেশ; কৰ্তৃত্ব

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Mandate (Verb), Mandatory (Adjective)

Synonyms — Instruction, Directive, Decree, Command, Order.

Antonyms — Request, Suggestion, Appeal, Plea, Option.

Usage in a sentence — The government has a mandate from the people to implement these reforms.

IMPERATIVE


Meaning in English — Of vital importance; crucial.

Meaning in Hindi — अनिवार्य; अत्यावश्यक

Meaning in Assamese — অত্যাৱশ্যকীয়; অপৰিহাৰ্য

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Imperative (Noun)

Synonyms — Crucial, Vital, Essential, Necessary, Indispensable.

Antonyms — Optional, Unimportant, Secondary, Trivial, Nonessential.

Usage in a sentence — It is imperative that we find a solution to this problem quickly.

DICHOTOMY


Meaning in English — A division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different.

Meaning in Hindi — द्वंद्व; विभाजन

Meaning in Assamese — দ্বিধাবিভক্তি; বৈপৰীত্য

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Dichotomous (Adjective)

Synonyms — Contrast, Division, Split, Gulf, Chasm.

Antonyms — Agreement, Harmony, Similarity, Likeness, Union.

Usage in a sentence — The dichotomy between theory and practice is often hard to reconcile.

JUDICIOUS


Meaning in English — Having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense.

Meaning in Hindi — विवेकपूर्ण; बुद्धिमानीपूर्ण

Meaning in Assamese — বিবেচনাপূৰ্ণ; জ্ঞানী

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Judiciously (Adverb)

Synonyms — Wise, Prudent, Sensible, Shrewd, Astute.

Antonyms — Foolish, Reckless, Imprudent, Rash, Unwise.

Usage in a sentence — The leader made a judicious use of her power and authority.

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