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Daily Reading 4th February

Role of the Governor in State Politics

The role of the Governor in Indian state politics is a complex and often contentious one, embodying a unique constitutional dichotomy. On one hand, the Governor is the constitutional head of the state, a nominal figurehead expected to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. On the other, the Governor serves as a vital link between the Union and the State, an agent of the Centre. This dual role is the primary source of the political friction that often surrounds the office. The framers of the Constitution envisioned a role of sagacious stewardship, where the Governor would act as a friend, philosopher, and guide to the state government.

However, the exercise of the Governor's discretionary powers has frequently led to allegations of partisan behavior. The most debated of these is the prerogative under Article 356, which allows the Governor to recommend President's Rule if there is a breakdown of constitutional machinery in the state. The misuse of this provision for political ends has been a perennial issue, often seen as a subversion of federal principles. Similarly, the Governor's discretion in appointing a Chief Minister in case of a hung assembly, reserving bills for the President's consideration (Article 200), and seeking information from the state government can become flashpoints of conflict.

Various commissions, including the Sarkaria and Punchhi Commissions, have made recommendations to ensure the Governor's impartiality. The principles they espoused included appointing eminent, non-political figures as Governors and ensuring they are not from the state they are appointed to. The Supreme Court has also intervened, laying down guidelines to prevent the arbitrary dismissal of state governments. The line between constitutional duty and acting as a subservient agent of the central government can be tenuous. Therefore, the role demands a person of high integrity who can exercise their powers with judicious restraint, upholding the constitutional framework in both letter and spirit. The Governor's actions must be guided by constitutional morality, not by political expediency, to maintain the delicate federal balance of the Indian polity.

राज्य की राजनीति में राज्यपाल की भूमिका

भारतीय राज्य की राजनीति में राज्यपाल की भूमिका एक जटिल और अक्सर विवादास्पद (contentious) है, जो एक अद्वितीय संवैधानिक द्वंद्व (dichotomy) को समाहित करती है। एक ओर, राज्यपाल राज्य का संवैधानिक प्रमुख है, एक नाममात्र का मुखौटा (figurehead) जिससे मंत्रिपरिषद की सहायता और सलाह पर कार्य करने की अपेक्षा की जाती है। दूसरी ओर, राज्यपाल संघ और राज्य के बीच एक महत्वपूर्ण कड़ी के रूप में कार्य करता है, जो केंद्र का एक एजेंट है। यह दोहरी भूमिका राजनीतिक घर्षण का प्राथमिक स्रोत है जो अक्सर इस पद के आसपास होता है। संविधान के निर्माताओं ने एक बुद्धिमत्तापूर्ण संरक्षण (stewardship) की भूमिका की परिकल्पना की थी, जहाँ राज्यपाल राज्य सरकार के लिए एक मित्र, दार्शनिक और मार्गदर्शक के रूप में कार्य करेगा।

हालांकि, राज्यपाल की विवेकाधीन (discretionary) शक्तियों के प्रयोग से अक्सर पक्षपातपूर्ण व्यवहार के आरोप (allegations) लगते रहे हैं। इनमें से सबसे अधिक बहस का विषय अनुच्छेद 356 के तहत विशेषाधिकार (prerogative) है, जो राज्यपाल को राज्य में संवैधानिक तंत्र की विफलता होने पर राष्ट्रपति शासन की सिफारिश करने की अनुमति देता है। राजनीतिक उद्देश्यों के लिए इस प्रावधान का दुरुपयोग एक चिरस्थायी (perennial) मुद्दा रहा है, जिसे अक्सर संघीय सिद्धांतों के विध्वंस (subversion) के रूप में देखा जाता है। इसी तरह, त्रिशंकु विधानसभा की स्थिति में मुख्यमंत्री की नियुक्ति, राष्ट्रपति के विचार के लिए विधेयकों को आरक्षित करना (अनुच्छेद 200), और राज्य सरकार से जानकारी मांगना, में राज्यपाल का विवेक संघर्ष का कारण बन सकता है।

सरकारिया और पुंछी आयोगों सहित विभिन्न आयोगों ने राज्यपाल की निष्पक्षता (impartiality) सुनिश्चित करने के लिए सिफारिशें की हैं। उनके द्वारा समर्थित (espoused) सिद्धांतों में प्रतिष्ठित, गैर-राजनीतिक व्यक्तियों को राज्यपाल के रूप में नियुक्त करना और यह सुनिश्चित करना शामिल था कि वे उस राज्य से न हों जहां उन्हें नियुक्त किया गया है। सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने भी हस्तक्षेप किया है, राज्य सरकारों की मनमानी बर्खास्तगी को रोकने के लिए दिशानिर्देश निर्धारित किए हैं। संवैधानिक कर्तव्य और केंद्र सरकार के एक अधीनस्थ (subservient) एजेंट के रूप में कार्य करने के बीच की रेखा कमजोर (tenuous) हो सकती है। इसलिए, इस भूमिका के लिए उच्च निष्ठा वाले व्यक्ति की आवश्यकता होती है जो अपनी शक्तियों का प्रयोग विवेकपूर्ण (judicious) संयम के साथ कर सके, और संवैधानिक ढांचे को शब्द और भावना दोनों में बनाए रख सके। राज्यपाल के कार्यों को राजनीतिक समीचीनता से नहीं, बल्कि संवैधानिक नैतिकता से निर्देशित होना चाहिए, ताकि भारतीय राजनीति के नाजुक संघीय संतुलन को बनाए रखा जा सके।

ৰাজ্যিক ৰাজনীতিত ৰাজ্যপালৰ ভূমিকা

ভাৰতীয় ৰাজ্যিক ৰাজনীতিত ৰাজ্যপালৰ ভূমিকা এক জটিল আৰু প্ৰায়ে বিতর্কিত (contentious), যিয়ে এক অনন্য সাংবিধানিক দ্বিধাবিভক্তি (dichotomy)-ক প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে। এফালে, ৰাজ্যপাল ৰাজ্যৰ সাংবিধানিক মুৰব্বী, এক নামমাত্ৰ প্ৰতীক (figurehead) যিয়ে মন্ত্ৰী পৰিষদৰ সহায় আৰু পৰামৰ্শ মতে কাম কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰা হয়। আনফালে, ৰাজ্যপালে কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংযোগকাৰী, কেন্দ্ৰৰ এজেণ্ট হিচাপে কাম কৰে। এই দ্বৈত ভূমিকাই হ'ল ৰাজনৈতিক সংঘাতৰ প্ৰাথমিক উৎস যি প্ৰায়ে এই পদটোক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি থাকে। সংবিধানৰ নিৰ্মাতাসকলে এক বিচক্ষণ প্ৰতিপালন (stewardship)-ৰ ভূমিকা কল্পনা কৰিছিল, য'ত ৰাজ্যপালে ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰৰ বাবে এজন বন্ধু, দাৰ্শনিক আৰু পথপ্ৰদৰ্শক হিচাপে কাম কৰিব।

অৱশ্যে, ৰাজ্যপালৰ বিবেচনামূলক (discretionary) ক্ষমতাৰ ব্যৱহাৰে প্ৰায়ে পক্ষপাতমূলক আচৰণৰ অভিযোগ (allegations)-ৰ জন্ম দিছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ বিতর্কিত হ'ল অনুচ্ছেদ ৩৫৬-ৰ অধীনত থকা বিশেষাধিকাৰ (prerogative), যিয়ে ৰাজ্যপালক ৰাজ্যত সাংবিধানিক ব্যৱস্থা বিফল হ'লে ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি শাসনৰ বাবে পৰামৰ্শ দিবলৈ অনুমতি দিয়ে। ৰাজনৈতিক উদ্দেশ্যৰ বাবে এই ব্যৱস্থাৰ অপব্যৱহাৰ এক চিৰস্থায়ী (perennial) সমস্যা, যাক প্ৰায়ে যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নীতিৰ বিঘটন (subversion) হিচাপে দেখা যায়। একেদৰে, ত্রিশঙ্কু বিধানসভাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী নিযুক্তি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ বিবেচনাৰ বাবে বিধেয়ক সংৰক্ষণ (অনুচ্ছেদ ২০০), আৰু ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰৰ পৰা তথ্য বিচৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ৰাজ্যপালৰ বিবেচনাই সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে।

চৰকাৰীয়া আৰু পুঞ্চি আয়োগকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন আয়োগে ৰাজ্যপালৰ নিৰপেক্ষতা (impartiality) নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ দিছে। তেওঁলোকে সমৰ্থন কৰা (espoused) নীতিসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছিল বিশিষ্ট, অৰাজনৈতিক ব্যক্তিক ৰাজ্যপাল হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া আৰু তেওঁলোকক নিজৰ ৰাজ্যত নিযুক্তি নিদিয়াটো নিশ্চিত কৰা। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়েও হস্তক্ষেপ কৰিছে, ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰৰ স্বেচ্ছাচাৰী বৰ্খাস্তকৰণ ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশনা জাৰি কৰিছে। সাংবিধানিক কৰ্তব্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ অধীন (subservient) এজেণ্ট হিচাপে কাম কৰাৰ মাজৰ ৰেখাডাল ক্ষীণ (tenuous) হ'ব পাৰে। সেয়েহে, এই ভূমিকাৰ বাবে উচ্চ সততাৰ ব্যক্তিৰ প্ৰয়োজন যিয়ে নিজৰ ক্ষমতা বিবেচনাপূৰ্ণ (judicious) সংযমেৰে প্ৰয়োগ কৰিব পাৰে, আৰু সাংবিধানিক কাঠামোখনক কথা আৰু কাম উভয়তে অক্ষুণ্ণ ৰাখিব পাৰে। ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিৰ সূক্ষ্ম যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাৰসাম্য বজাই ৰাখিবলৈ ৰাজ্যপালৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ ৰাজনৈতিক সুবিধাৰ দ্বাৰা নহয়, সাংবিধানিক নৈতিকতাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হ'ব লাগিব।

FIGUREHEAD


Meaning in English — A nominal leader or head without real power.

Meaning in Hindi — नाममात्र का नेता; मुखौटा

Meaning in Assamese — নামমাত্ৰ নেতা; প্ৰতীক

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Figureheads (Plural)

Synonyms — Titular head, Nominal leader, Puppet, Token, Front man.

Antonyms — True leader, Power broker, Authority, Principal, Mastermind.

Usage in a sentence — The queen is a figurehead, while the prime minister holds the real political power.

DISCRETIONARY


Meaning in English — Available for use at the discretion of the user; not bound by specific rules.

Meaning in Hindi — विवेकाधीन; स्वविवेक पर निर्भर

Meaning in Assamese — বিবেচনামূলক; স্ব-বিচাৰাধীন

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Discretion (Noun)

Synonyms — Optional, Voluntary, At one's discretion, Non-obligatory, Unrestricted.

Antonyms — Mandatory, Compulsory, Obligatory, Required, Forced.

Usage in a sentence — The committee has discretionary powers to award additional grants.

CONTENTIOUS


Meaning in English — Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.

Meaning in Hindi — विवादास्पद

Meaning in Assamese — বিতর্কিত; বিবাদপূর্ণ

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Contention (Noun)

Synonyms — Controversial, Debatable, Disputable, Disputed, Argumentative.

Antonyms — Uncontroversial, Agreeable, Harmonious, Peaceful, Certain.

Usage in a sentence — The use of Article 356 has been a contentious issue in Indian federalism.

PREROGATIVE


Meaning in English — A right or privilege exclusive to a particular individual or class.

Meaning in Hindi — विशेषाधिकार

Meaning in Assamese — বিশেষাধিকাৰ

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — N/A

Synonyms — Right, Privilege, Entitlement, Advantage, Due.

Antonyms — Duty, Obligation, Restriction, Disadvantage, Prohibition.

Usage in a sentence — It is the Prime Minister's prerogative to choose the cabinet ministers.

IMPARTIALITY


Meaning in English — The quality of not supporting any of the sides involved in an argument; unbiasedness.

Meaning in Hindi — निष्पक्षता

Meaning in Assamese — নিৰপেক্ষতা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Impartial (Adjective)

Synonyms — Fairness, Neutrality, Objectivity, Equity, Disinterestedness.

Antonyms — Bias, Prejudice, Partiality, Favoritism, Partisanship.

Usage in a sentence — The impartiality of the judge was crucial for a fair trial.

SUBVERSION


Meaning in English — The undermining of the power and authority of an established system or institution.

Meaning in Hindi — विध्वंस; तख्तापलट

Meaning in Assamese — বিঘটন; ওলোটা-পালন

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Subvert (Verb), Subversive (Adjective)

Synonyms — Undermining, Sabotage, Disruption, Overthrow, Destabilization.

Antonyms — Strengthening, Fortification, Support, Upholding, Reinforcement.

Usage in a sentence — The act was seen as a subversion of democratic principles.

TENUOUS


Meaning in English — Very weak or slight; insubstantial.

Meaning in Hindi — कमजोर; क्षीण

Meaning in Assamese — ক্ষীণ; দুৰ্বল

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Tenuously (Adverb)

Synonyms — Flimsy, Weak, Fragile, Slight, Insubstantial.

Antonyms — Strong, Substantial, Solid, Convincing, Firm.

Usage in a sentence — The link between his argument and the evidence was tenuous.

ALLEGATIONS


Meaning in English — Claims or assertions that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically made without proof.

Meaning in Hindi — आरोप; अभियोग

Meaning in Assamese — অভিযোগ; দোষাৰোপ

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Allege (Verb), Allegation (Singular)

Synonyms — Accusations, Claims, Charges, Assertions, Imputations.

Antonyms — Denials, Exonerations, Vindications, Proofs, Facts.

Usage in a sentence — The official faced serious allegations of corruption.

JUDICIOUS


Meaning in English — Having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense.

Meaning in Hindi — विवेकपूर्ण; बुद्धिमानीपूर्ण

Meaning in Assamese — বিবেচনাপূৰ্ণ; জ্ঞানী

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Judiciously (Adverb)

Synonyms — Wise, Prudent, Sensible, Shrewd, Astute.

Antonyms — Foolish, Reckless, Imprudent, Rash, Unwise.

Usage in a sentence — A judicious use of power is expected from a constitutional authority.

SUBSERVIENT


Meaning in English — Prepared to obey others unquestioningly; less important; subordinate.

Meaning in Hindi — अधीनस्थ; चापलूस

Meaning in Assamese — অধীন; আজ্ঞাধীন

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Subservience (Noun)

Synonyms — Subordinate, Servile, Obsequious, Submissive, Deferential.

Antonyms — Domineering, Independent, Superior, Assertive, Controlling.

Usage in a sentence — The report criticized the institution for being subservient to political interests.

PERENNIAL


Meaning in English — Lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time; enduring or continually recurring.

Meaning in Hindi — बारहमासी; चिरस्थायी

Meaning in Assamese — চিৰস্থায়ী; বাৰ্ষিক

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Perennially (Adverb)

Synonyms — Everlasting, Perpetual, Enduring, Constant, Persistent.

Antonyms — Temporary, Ephemeral, Transient, Fleeting, Short-lived.

Usage in a sentence — The debate over the governor's role is a perennial issue in Indian politics.

DICHOTOMY


Meaning in English — A division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different.

Meaning in Hindi — द्वंद्व; विभाजन

Meaning in Assamese — দ্বিধাবিভক্তি; বৈপৰীত্য

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Dichotomous (Adjective)

Synonyms — Contrast, Division, Split, Gulf, Chasm.

Antonyms — Agreement, Harmony, Similarity, Likeness, Union.

Usage in a sentence — There is often a dichotomy between what politicians say and what they do.

ESPOUSED


Meaning in English — Adopted or supported a cause, belief, or way of life.

Meaning in Hindi — समर्थन किया; अपनाया

Meaning in Assamese — সমৰ্থন কৰা; গ্ৰহণ কৰা

This Word is an English grammar: Verb (Past Tense)

Forms — Espouse (Verb)

Synonyms — Adopted, Supported, Advocated, Championed, Embraced.

Antonyms — Rejected, Opposed, Renounced, Abandoned, Repudiated.

Usage in a sentence — The commission espoused the principle of non-partisanship for constitutional posts.

STEWARDSHIP


Meaning in English — The job of supervising or taking care of something, like an organization or property.

Meaning in Hindi — संरक्षण; प्रबंधन

Meaning in Assamese — প্ৰতিপালন; তত্ত্বাৱধান

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Steward (Noun)

Synonyms — Management, Guardianship, Care, Supervision, Custodianship.

Antonyms — Neglect, Mismanagement, Abdication, Irresponsibility, Carelessness.

Usage in a sentence — Good stewardship of public funds is a mark of a responsible government.

PARTISAN


Meaning in English — A strong supporter of a party, cause, or person; prejudiced in favor of a particular cause.

Meaning in Hindi — पक्षपातपूर्ण; समर्थक

Meaning in Assamese — পক্ষপাতমূলক; সমৰ্থক

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective / Noun

Forms — Partisanship (Noun)

Synonyms — Biased, Prejudiced, One-sided, Factional, Sectarian.

Antonyms — Impartial, Unbiased, Neutral, Objective, Nonpartisan.

Usage in a sentence — The debate quickly devolved into partisan bickering.

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