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Daily Reading 27th January

Lokpal and Lokayuktas: Effectiveness in Curbing Corruption

The establishment of the Lokpal at the national level and Lokayuktas at the state level in India represents a significant step towards creating an anti-corruption framework. These institutions are conceived as an independent ombudsman, empowered to investigate allegations of corruption and maladministration against public officials. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, provided a statutory basis for these bodies after a long and arduous public campaign. The primary objective is to bring transparency and hold the executive accountable, thereby strengthening the democratic fabric of the nation.

The jurisdiction of the Lokpal is extensive, covering everyone from the Prime Minister to lower-level public servants. However, the effectiveness of these institutions is often debated. For them to function without fear or favour, complete functional autonomy is paramount. This includes having an independent investigation wing and powers of prosecution. Unfortunately, the path to achieving this ideal is fraught with impediments. The perennial issue of delayed appointments, coupled with a lack of adequate infrastructure and human resources, significantly hampers their functioning. The deep-rooted problems of cronyism and nepotism in the system are the very evils these bodies are meant to fight, yet political interference often weakens their resolve.

The link between the mere presence of a Lokpal or Lokayukta and an actual reduction in corruption is often tenuous. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of political will to grant these bodies the powers they truly need. For instance, some state Lokayuktas lack their own investigative machinery and rely on government agencies, which compromises their independence. The entire anti-corruption crusade requires a more robust and integrated approach. These institutions cannot be mere passive recipients of complaints; they must be empowered to be proactive in their vigilance and investigation. A purely bureaucratic process for lodging complaints can also deter ordinary citizens. Therefore, while the creation of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas is a laudable step, their journey towards becoming truly effective watchdogs against corruption is still a work in progress, demanding sustained political and societal commitment.

लोकपाल और लोकायुक्त: भ्रष्टाचार पर अंकुश लगाने में प्रभावशीलता

भारत में राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर लोकपाल और राज्य स्तर पर लोकायुक्तों की स्थापना भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी ढांचे के निर्माण की दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण कदम का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है। इन संस्थानों को एक स्वतंत्र लोकपाल (ombudsman) के रूप में परिकल्पित किया गया है, जो सार्वजनिक अधिकारियों के खिलाफ भ्रष्टाचार और कुप्रशासन (maladministration) के आरोपों की जांच करने के लिए सशक्त हैं। लोकपाल और लोकायुक्त अधिनियम, 2013 ने एक लंबे और कठिन सार्वजनिक अभियान के बाद इन निकायों के लिए एक वैधानिक (statutory) आधार प्रदान किया। इसका प्राथमिक उद्देश्य पारदर्शिता लाना और कार्यपालिका को जवाबदेह ठहराना है, जिससे राष्ट्र के लोकतांत्रिक ताने-बाने को मजबूत किया जा सके।

लोकपाल का अधिकार क्षेत्र (jurisdiction) व्यापक है, जिसमें प्रधानमंत्री से लेकर निचले स्तर के लोक सेवकों तक सभी शामिल हैं। हालांकि, इन संस्थानों की प्रभावशीलता पर अक्सर बहस होती है। उनके बिना किसी डर या पक्षपात के काम करने के लिए, पूर्ण कार्यात्मक स्वायत्तता (autonomy) सर्वोपरि है। इसमें एक स्वतंत्र जांच विंग और अभियोजन (prosecution) की शक्तियां शामिल हैं। दुर्भाग्य से, इस आदर्श को प्राप्त करने का मार्ग बाधाओं (impediments) से भरा है। नियुक्तियों में देरी का चिरस्थायी (perennial) मुद्दा, पर्याप्त बुनियादी ढांचे और मानव संसाधनों की कमी के साथ मिलकर, उनके कामकाज में काफी बाधा डालता है। व्यवस्था में भाई-भतीजावाद (cronyism) और परिवारवाद (nepotism) की गहरी जड़ें वे बुराइयां हैं जिनसे लड़ने के लिए इन निकायों का गठन किया गया है, फिर भी राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप अक्सर उनके संकल्प को कमजोर कर देता है।

केवल लोकपाल या लोकायुक्त की उपस्थिति और भ्रष्टाचार में वास्तविक कमी के बीच का संबंध अक्सर कमजोर (tenuous) होता है। इस समस्या को राजनीतिक इच्छाशक्ति की कमी से और बढ़ा (exacerbated) दिया जाता है जो इन निकायों को वे शक्तियां प्रदान करने के लिए आवश्यक हैं जिनकी उन्हें वास्तव में आवश्यकता है। उदाहरण के लिए, कुछ राज्य लोकायुक्तों के पास अपनी स्वयं की जांच मशीनरी का अभाव है और वे सरकारी एजेंसियों पर निर्भर हैं, जो उनकी स्वतंत्रता से समझौता करता है। संपूर्ण भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी धर्मयुद्ध के लिए एक अधिक मजबूत (robust) और एकीकृत दृष्टिकोण की आवश्यकता है। ये संस्थान केवल शिकायतों के निष्क्रिय प्राप्तकर्ता नहीं हो सकते; उन्हें अपनी सतर्कता और जांच में सक्रिय (proactive) होने के लिए सशक्त बनाया जाना चाहिए। शिकायत दर्ज करने की एक विशुद्ध नौकरशाही (bureaucratic) प्रक्रिया भी आम नागरिकों को हतोत्साहित कर सकती है। इसलिए, जबकि लोकपाल और लोकायुक्तों का निर्माण एक सराहनीय कदम है, भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ वास्तव में प्रभावी प्रहरी बनने की उनकी यात्रा अभी भी प्रगति पर है, जिसके लिए निरंतर राजनीतिक और सामाजिक प्रतिबद्धता की आवश्यकता है।

লোকপাল আৰু लोकायुक्त: দুৰ্নীতি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত কার্যকাৰিতা

ভাৰতত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত লোকপাল আৰু ৰাজ্যিক পৰ্যায়ত लोकायुक्तৰ স্থাপনাই এক দুৰ্নীতি বিৰোধী কাঠামো সৃষ্টিৰ দিশত এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পদক্ষেপক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহক এক স্বতন্ত্ৰ লোকপাল (ombudsman) হিচাপে কল্পনা কৰা হৈছে, যাক ৰাজহুৱা বিষয়াসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে দুৰ্নীতি আৰু কুশাসন (maladministration)-ৰ অভিযোগৰ তদন্ত কৰাৰ ক্ষমতা দিয়া হৈছে। লোকপাল আৰু लोकायुक्त আইন, ২০১৩-য়ে এক দীঘলীয়া আৰু কঠিন ৰাজহুৱা অভিযানৰ পিছত এই সংস্থাসমূহৰ বাবে এক বৈধানিক (statutory) ভিত্তি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্য হ'ল স্বচ্ছতা অনা আৰু কাৰ্যপালিকাক দায়বদ্ধ কৰা, যাৰ দ্বাৰা ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ গণতান্ত্ৰিক গাঁথনি শক্তিশালী হয়।

লোকপালৰ অধিকাৰক্ষেত্ৰ (jurisdiction) ব্যাপক, য'ত প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰীৰ পৰা নিম্ন পৰ্যায়ৰ ৰাজহুৱা সেৱকলৈকে সকলো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। অৱশ্যে, এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ কাৰ্যকাৰিতা প্ৰায়ে বিতৰ্কিত। তেওঁলোকে নিৰ্ভয়ে আৰু পক্ষপাতহীনভাৱে কাম কৰিবলৈ, সম্পূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যকৰী স্বায়ত্তশাসন (autonomy) সৰ্বাধিক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। ইয়াত এক স্বতন্ত্ৰ তদন্ত শাখা আৰু অভিযোজন (prosecution)-ৰ ক্ষমতা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। দুৰ্ভাগ্যবশতঃ, এই আদৰ্শ প্ৰাপ্ত কৰাৰ পথ বাধাসমূহ (impediments)-ৰে ভৰা। নিযুক্তিৰ বিলম্বৰ চিৰস্থায়ী (perennial) সমস্যা, পৰ্যাপ্ত আন্তঃগাঁথনি আৰু মানৱ সম্পদৰ অভাৱৰ সৈতে মিলি, তেওঁলোকৰ কাৰ্যকলাপত যথেষ্ট বাধা দিয়ে। ব্যৱস্থাত স্বজন-তোষণ (cronyism) আৰু আত্মীয়-তোষণ (nepotism)-ৰ দৰে গভীৰভাৱে শিপাই থকা সমস্যাবোৰেই সেই বেয়াবোৰ যাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ এই সংস্থাসমূহ গঠন কৰা হৈছে, তথাপিও ৰাজনৈতিক হস্তক্ষেপেই প্ৰায়ে তেওঁলোকৰ সংকল্প দুৰ্বল কৰে।

কেৱল লোকপাল বা लोकायुक्तৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ প্ৰকৃত হ্ৰাসৰ মাজৰ সম্পৰ্ক প্ৰায়ে দুৰ্বল (tenuous)। এই সংস্থাসমূহক প্ৰকৃততে প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা ক্ষমতা প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ ৰাজনৈতিক ইচ্ছাৰ অভাৱৰ ফলত সমস্যাটো আৰু বৃদ্ধি (exacerbated) পায়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, কিছুমান ৰাজ্যিক लोकायुक्तৰ নিজা তদন্তকাৰী যন্ত্ৰ নাই আৰু চৰকাৰী সংস্থাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে, যি তেওঁলোকৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ সৈতে আপোচ কৰে। সমগ্ৰ দুৰ্নীতি বিৰোধী অভিযানৰ বাবে এক অধিক শক্তিশালী (robust) আৰু একত্ৰিত দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ প্ৰয়োজন। এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহ কেৱল অভিযোগৰ নিষ্ক্ৰিয় গ্ৰহণকাৰী হ'ব নোৱাৰে; তেওঁলোকক তেওঁলোকৰ সতৰ্কতা আৰু তদন্তত সক্ৰিয় (proactive) হ'বলৈ सशक्त কৰিব লাগিব। অভিযোগ দাখিল কৰাৰ বাবে এক বিশুদ্ধ আমোলাতান্ত্ৰিক (bureaucratic) প্ৰক্ৰিয়াইও সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকক নিৰুৎসাহিত কৰিব পাৰে। সেয়েহে, লোকপাল আৰু लोकायुक्तৰ সৃষ্টি এক প্ৰশংসনীয় পদক্ষেপ হ'লেও, দুৰ্নীতিৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰকৃততে কাৰ্যকৰী প্ৰহৰী হোৱাৰ দিশত তেওঁলোকৰ যাত্ৰা এতিয়াও এক চলি থকা কাম, যাৰ বাবে নিৰন্তৰ ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন।

OMBUDSMAN


Meaning in English — An official appointed to investigate individuals' complaints against a company or organization, especially a public authority.

Meaning in Hindi — लोकपाल; शिकायत अधिकारी

Meaning in Assamese — লোকপাল; ওজৰ নিষ্পত্তি বিষয়া

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Ombudsmen (Plural)

Synonyms — Mediator, Arbitrator, Investigator, Adjudicator, Watchdog.

Antonyms — Adversary, Opponent, Antagonist, Accuser, Litigant.

Usage in a sentence — The banking ombudsman received thousands of complaints last year.

MALADMINISTRATION


Meaning in English — Inefficient, dishonest, or careless management of public affairs.

Meaning in Hindi — कुप्रशासन; अव्यवस्था

Meaning in Assamese — কুশাসন; অপপ্ৰশাসন

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Maladminister (Verb)

Synonyms — Mismanagement, Misrule, Incompetence, Corruption, Negligence.

Antonyms — Good governance, Efficiency, Administration, Management, Order.

Usage in a sentence — The report exposed widespread maladministration within the department.

STATUTORY


Meaning in English — Required, permitted, or enacted by statute (a written law passed by a legislative body).

Meaning in Hindi — वैधानिक; कानूनी

Meaning in Assamese — বৈধানিক; আইনগত

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Statute (Noun)

Synonyms — Legal, Lawful, Official, Enacted, Mandated.

Antonyms — Unofficial, Non-legal, Unlawful, Voluntary, Discretionary.

Usage in a sentence — The company has a statutory obligation to report its earnings.

JURISDICTION


Meaning in English — The official power to make legal decisions and judgments; the territory or sphere of activity over which the legal authority of a court or other institution extends.

Meaning in Hindi — अधिकार क्षेत्र; न्यायाधिकार

Meaning in Assamese — অধিকাৰক্ষেত্ৰ; ন্যায়িক ক্ষমতা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Jurisdictional (Adjective)

Synonyms — Authority, Control, Power, Dominion, Purview.

Antonyms — Impotence, Powerlessness, Incapacity, Inability, Weakness.

Usage in a sentence — The case was outside the court's jurisdiction.

AUTONOMY


Meaning in English — The right or condition of self-government; freedom from external control or influence.

Meaning in Hindi — स्वायत्तता; स्वतंत्रता

Meaning in Assamese — স্বায়ত্তশাসন; স্বাধীনতা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Autonomous (Adjective), Autonomously (Adverb)

Synonyms — Independence, Self-rule, Sovereignty, Freedom, Self-determination.

Antonyms — Dependence, Subjection, Control, Heteronomy, Subordination.

Usage in a sentence — The central bank must have complete autonomy to set interest rates.

PROSECUTION


Meaning in English — The institution and conducting of legal proceedings against someone in respect of a criminal charge.

Meaning in Hindi — अभियोजन; मुकदमा

Meaning in Assamese — অভিযোগ; মোকর্দমা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Prosecute (Verb), Prosecutor (Noun)

Synonyms — Indictment, Litigation, Legal action, Trial, Arraignment.

Antonyms — Defense, Acquittal, Exoneration, Pardon, Absolution.

Usage in a sentence — The evidence was not strong enough to begin a criminal prosecution.

PERENNIAL


Meaning in English — Lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time; enduring or continually recurring.

Meaning in Hindi — बारहमासी; चिरस्थायी

Meaning in Assamese — চিৰস্থায়ী; বাৰ্ষিক

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Perennially (Adverb)

Synonyms — Everlasting, Perpetual, Enduring, Constant, Persistent.

Antonyms — Temporary, Ephemeral, Transient, Fleeting, Short-lived.

Usage in a sentence — Lack of funding is a perennial problem for the organization.

IMPEDIMENTS


Meaning in English — Obstructions or hindrances that delay or prevent progress or achievement.

Meaning in Hindi — बाधाएँ; अवरोध

Meaning in Assamese — বাধা; প্ৰতিবন্ধকতা

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Impede (Verb), Impediment (Singular Noun)

Synonyms — Obstacles, Barriers, Hurdles, Obstructions, Hindrances.

Antonyms — Aids, Advantages, Catalysts, Benefits, Assistance.

Usage in a sentence — Bureaucratic red tape is a major impediment to economic growth.

BUREAUCRATIC


Meaning in English — Relating to a system of government or administration with many complicated rules and ways of doing things.

Meaning in Hindi — नौकरशाही; दफ्तरशाही

Meaning in Assamese — আমোলাতান্ত্ৰিক

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Bureaucracy (Noun), Bureaucrat (Noun)

Synonyms — Administrative, Official, Rigid, Procedural, Formal.

Antonyms — Flexible, Simple, Unofficial, Democratic, Unstructured.

Usage in a sentence — The approval process was slow and highly bureaucratic.

CRONYISM


Meaning in English — The appointment of friends and associates to positions of authority, without proper regard to their qualifications.

Meaning in Hindi — भाई-भतीजावाद; मित्र-पक्षपात

Meaning in Assamese — স্বজন-তোষণ; বন্ধু-প্ৰীতি

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Crony (Noun)

Synonyms — Favoritism, Partiality, Partisanship, Nepotism, Patronage.

Antonyms — Meritocracy, Fairness, Impartiality, Equality, Objectivity.

Usage in a sentence — The government was accused of widespread cronyism in public appointments.

NEPOTISM


Meaning in English — The practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs.

Meaning in Hindi — परिवारवाद; भाई-भतीजावाद

Meaning in Assamese — আত্মীয়-তোষণ; স্বজন-প্ৰীতি

This Word is an English grammar: Noun

Forms — Nepotistic (Adjective)

Synonyms — Favoritism, Cronyism, Bias, Patronage, Partisanship.

Antonyms — Meritocracy, Impartiality, Fairness, Equity, Objectivity.

Usage in a sentence — He was accused of nepotism for appointing his son as the company's director.

EXACERBATED


Meaning in English — Made a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse.

Meaning in Hindi — बढ़ा हुआ; और बिगड़ गया

Meaning in Assamese — বৃদ্ধি পোৱা; অৱনতি হোৱা

This Word is an English grammar: Verb (Past Participle)/Adjective

Forms — Exacerbate (Verb), Exacerbation (Noun)

Synonyms — Worsened, Aggravated, Intensified, Inflamed, Compounded.

Antonyms — Alleviated, Soothed, Reduced, Mitigated, Improved.

Usage in a sentence — The economic crisis was exacerbated by the political instability.

TENUOUS


Meaning in English — Very weak or slight; insubstantial.

Meaning in Hindi — कमजोर; हल्का

Meaning in Assamese — দুৰ্বল; ক্ষীণ

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Tenuously (Adverb), Tenuousness (Noun)

Synonyms — Flimsy, Weak, Fragile, Slight, Insubstantial.

Antonyms — Strong, Substantial, Solid, Convincing, Firm.

Usage in a sentence — The link between the evidence and the conclusion was tenuous at best.

ROBUST


Meaning in English — Strong and healthy; vigorous; sturdy in construction.

Meaning in Hindi — मजबूत; शक्तिशाली

Meaning in Assamese — শক্তিশালী; মজবুত

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Robustly (Adverb), Robustness (Noun)

Synonyms — Strong, Sturdy, Tough, Powerful, Resilient.

Antonyms — Weak, Fragile, Feeble, Delicate, Flimsy.

Usage in a sentence — The economy needs robust reforms to recover from the recession.

PROACTIVE


Meaning in English — Creating or controlling a situation by causing something to happen rather than responding to it after it has happened.

Meaning in Hindi — सक्रिय; पहल करने वाला

Meaning in Assamese — সক্ৰিয়; আগতীয়া ব্যৱস্থা লোৱা

This Word is an English grammar: Adjective

Forms — Proactively (Adverb), Proactivity (Noun)

Synonyms — Enterprising, Forward-looking, Preemptive, Anticipatory, Visionary.

Antonyms — Reactive, Passive, Retroactive, Apathetic, Indifferent.

Usage in a sentence — The company took a proactive approach to customer service, addressing issues before they became complaints.

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